T 396 S55 Fishes .1^ LUSTEATED HANDBOOK. AQUARIUM PICTURE SALON, CYCLORAMA, MUSEUM, TECMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. UNDER THE CONTKOL OF THE EXHIBITION TRUSTEES: Hon. L. L. SMITH, L.S.A., F.R.G.S., Kxo., K.S.A., Chairman. G. R. FIXCHAM, Esq. Ko^f. T. BKXT. JOHN ANDERSON, Esq., M.L.A. cv^UNoiLLoK JAMES DYN'ON, J. P. G. H. BENNETT, Esq., M.L.A. Slit MALCOLM D. MoEACHARN, the RlClIT WOKSIIIPTOL TlIK MaYOR OF MELBOURNE. k'ml^^^ ,8. "^/i \ COMPILED BY JAMES E. SHERRARD, Secretary, Exliihilion Trustees. iffttlbouriu : BV AUTIKlUITT : KOBT S. HKAIN, GOVKRNMKNT I'UINTKIt ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK, AQUARIUM, PICTURE SALON, CYCLORAMA, MUSEUM, TECHNOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE EXHIBITION TRUSTEES Hon. L. L. SMITH, L.S.A., F.R.G.S., Eng., F.S.A., Chairman. G. R. FINCHAM, Esq. Hon. T. bent. JOHN ANDERSON, Esq., M.L.A. Councillor JAMES DYNON, J. P. G. H. BENNETT, Esq., M.L.A. Sir MALCOLM D. McEACHARN, the Right Worshipful the Mayor of Melbourne. COMPILED BY JAMES E. SHERRARD, Secretary, Exhibition Trustees. ^Iclbournc: BY AUTIIORTTT : ROBT S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 5'^h 5. ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK. ■^(5-\ AQUAEIUM, PICTURE SALON, CYCLORAMA, MUSEUxM, TECHNOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE EXHIBITION TRUSTEES Hon. L. L. SMITH, L.S.A., F.R.G.S., Eno., F.S.A., CAaii G. R. FINCHAM, Esq. n...:. T. BENT. JOHN ANDERSON, Esq., M.L.A. CO0HUILLOR JAMES DYNON, J.P. G. H. BENNETT, Esq., M.L.A. Sir MALCOLM D. McEACHARN, the Ri<:iiT Worshipful the Mayor of Melbourne. COMPILED BY JAMES E. SHERRARD, Srcretari/, Exhibition. Trustees. BT AUTHfiniTT : ROBT S. BRAIN, GOVKRNMKNT PRINTKU. DEC 1 G t959 > < < -I < z o < > o 0) h a o Q. W Z o h m X X 111 Ul I I- J NDEX TO 'ONTENTS. Aijuariimi, particulars of inception Aquarium Corridor, illustration Aeration, system of . . . Air Compressor, illustration ... Aeration, sketch showing Artificial Sea-water ... Analysis, Sea- water .. Aquaria amongst the Ancients Angel Shark, illustration Armament Court, illustration Aboripnal Weapons Australian Aulopus, illustration Boar Fish, illustration Bastard Trumpeter, illustration Butter Fish, illustration Blenny Bream, illustration ... Banishment of Aristides, illustration Bosisto's Eucalyptus Oil Exhibit Bush Scene... Crocodile sleeping, illustration Crocodile, illu.stration Crocodiles ... Crocodile's Den, illustration ... Crocodile's Nest, illustration ... Crocodile wounded, illustration Crocodile's Skeleton, illustration Crocodile sleeping Cobbler Cow F'ish, illustration Carp, illustration Cat Fish, illustration Crustacea; ... Crayfish, illustration Calcutta, illustration Charity, illustration... Cyclorama of Melbourne in 1842 Cain, bronze statue ... Cupid and Psyche ... Collection of Birds' Nests, illustration Canoe from Northern Territory, illustration Uuka of Milan and Papal Legate, illustration Paok Paok 2 Eastern Gardens, illustration •2 3 English Trout caught in Yarra, illustration 68 5 Echinodermata, illustration ... 72 5 Economic Entomology, illustration 87 6 Ethnological Court, illustration 92 6 Egyptian Tomb, illustration ... 93 7 8 60 Earl of Dudley's iron exhibit, illustration 115 Fish Boy, Uustration 4 104 Fishes, wlicre obtained 9 92 Fish Carriers, illustration 9 43 Fish, internal organs of, illustration ... 26 46 Feeding the Fishes .. . 10 47 Fishes, description of 26 47 Fish, skeleton of, illustration 27 48 Fishes, classification of 28 50 Flounder, taken by Rontgen process, illustration 34 83 Flathead, illustration 54 109 Flying Gurnet, illustration ... 55 116 Flounder, illustration 56 21 Fiddler, illustration 60 19 Faust and Marguerite, illustration 84 18 Franco-Prussian War incident, illustration 83 20 Fisheries Court, illustration ... 105 20 Flax Exhibit HI 20 Fountain, illustration 119 21 Fernery, illustration 117 21 57 Gippsland Perch, illustration 51 58 Gurnet, illustration ... 55 63 Gold Mine, Bendigo, illustration 97 63 70 Haiding on South Melbourne Beach, illustration 3 71 Holexenus Cutaneus, illustration 30 82 Hatchery for Trout ova, illustration ... 65 S3 Hatching Trays, illustration ... 66 116 Hermit Crab, illustration 70 76 Horse Mackerel, illustration ... 27 79 Hammer-headed Shark, illustration ... .32 87 90 Introductory 1 81 Insect ravages on Timber, illustration 88 vm Paok John Dorey, illustration ... ... ... -lU King Penguins being Fe(! Lown\oor iron exhiliit, illustration ... .. Ill Machinery for pumping, &c. ... .. ... 8 Mud Turtles, illustration ... ... ... 24 Mud Turtles, skeleton of, illustration ... 2."> Mud Turtle, internal organs of, illustration .. 2'> Mag])ie I'crcli, illustration ... ,,. 51 Murray Cod, illustration ... ... ... (i'J Mollusca ... ... ... ... ... (W Murray Lobster, illustration... ... .. 71 Manufacturing E.'ihibits ... ... .. Ill Miner's Hut, illustration ... ... ... its Miners sinking Shaft, illustration ... ... 101 Nero at Burning of Rome, illustration .. 77 News-seller's .'^hop, illustration ... ... 7S Nubian Musical lustrunients, illustration ... 10!) Old Wife, illustration ... ... ... .52 Octopus, illustration ... ... .. (ill Oyster Claire, illustration ... ... ... 70 Organ, illustration ... ... ... ... 117 Picture Salon, illustration ... 1 Pelican, illustration ... ... ... ,,. ~ Penguin, ilUustratiou ... ... Is Platypus, illustration ... ... ... o^i Platypus, home of the, illustration ... .. 2.'{ Pilchard, illustration ... ... ... 4S Parrot Fish, illustration ... ... ... .")4 Porcupine Fi.sh, illustration ... ... ^. .5S Pig Fish, illustration ... ... ... ."i!) Perch, English, illustration ... ... ... (i2 Placing Trout Fry in river, illustration . . OS Pcron's Ibacus Ciab, illustration ... ... 7.{ Pelicans, illustration ... ... ... 7,") Picture .Salou Catalogue ... ... ... 7(i Pet Alligator ... ... ... ... 22 Puddling Machine, illustration ... ... 99 Planetarium ... ... ,.. .. ]()6 Paoe Parliament House, illustration .. ... 110 Photographs of Prize Cattle, illustration ... 114 Roughy, illustration ... ... ... 49 Rock Perch, illustration ... .. ... ,30 Rock Ling, illustration ... ... ... 54 Rearing Ponds for Trout, illustration . . ... 67 Refreshments-rooms, illustration .. ... 86 .Seals, tame, and Keeper, illustration ... ... 1,3 Seal flippers, illustration ,, ... ... 14 Seals catching fish, illustration ... ... 16 Seals, male and female ... ... ... II Seals, performing ... ... ... 8 Seals being fed, illustration ... ... ... 16 Seals, where caught ... ... .. 13 .Seal Rocks, California, illustration ,. .. 15 Steamer, with beam trawl, illustration 2.S .Sailing Boat, with otter trawl, illustration ... .31 Schn.apper, illustratiim ... . . ... 45 Schnapper, taken liy Rontgen process, illustration 41 Salmon Trout, illustration ... .. 4!) .Sand Mullet, illustration ... .. ... 29 •Silver Bream, illustration ... .. ... 50 •Stranger, illustration ., ... ... 53 Stf)ne-lifter, illustration ... ... .. 57 Sting Ray, illustration ... . ... 61 Skates' Eggs, illustration ... ... .. 61 •Starhsh, illustration ... ... 73 •Sea Birds ... ... ... .. ... 73 St. Peter's, Rome, illustration ... ... 113 •Sun Dial, illastration ... ... ... 118 Sea Elephant, illustration ... ... ... 10 Sea Leopard, illustration ... ... ... 11 Sewage Exhibit, illustration ... ... ... 114 Tanks, particulars of ... .. ... 4 Tasmanian Trmnpeter ... "... ... 47 Toad Fish, illustratiim ... ... ... .^59 Thornback R.xy, illustration ... ... ... 60 Tench, illustration ... ... ... 63 Trout, illustration ... ... ... ... t)4 Trout, Stripping, illustration ... ... 64 Trout Ponds at Ballarat, illustration ... ... 65 Trophy of Building Stones, ilbustration ... 96 Torpedo Boats, illustration ... ... ... 101 Un billet de logement, illustration ... ... .So Water, how treated ... ... ... ... 4 Whiting, illustration ... ... .. 53 Wimshurst, Electrical Machine, illustratinu ... |(l."i Wonders of the .Sea ... ... ... ... 7 Whim, Mining, illustration ... ... ... 100 Zebra Fish, illustraticm ... ... ,53 Zoology Court ... ... ... ... 91 INTRODUCTORY. The Exhibition Aquaeium is an institution of quite recent growth, as its construction was not commenced till 1884, when several small experiments were made as to the practicability of establishing a salt-water Aquarium at such a distance from the coast. These experiments were successful, and the Trustees of the Exhilntion Building considered themselves amply justified in proceeding with the preliminary works, which have been added to from time to time imtil the present result has been obtiiined. A great deal of the success of tin Aquarium has de- pended on the per- sonal interest whicli has been taken in it by the Trustees, who have, individually and collectively, given a vast amount of time and attention to fur- ther its advancement and render the v^arioiis arrangements perfect. Exhaustive inquir- ies were made from the managers of tin- various Aquaria in Europe, and a quan- tity of information W;l^ received which provci I of the utmost use in establishing the vari- ous departments ot the Aquarium. THK PICTURE S.\LOX. Correspondence was opened with the managers of the various Arpmria in Europe, an(l tlie Trustees desire to express their grateful thauks for the informatiou so freely given on all points. At the initiation of the enterprise many difficulties were encountered, and had to be overcome hefore tlie final successful result was attained. unforeseen obstacles TilE 1.ASTKKN The Mell)ourne Exhibition A(puiriuui lias the lii>iiour of being the tirst established in Australia, Imt our neiglibours in 8ydney were not slow to follow tlie example given, and Atpiaria have also been built at Bondi and Coogee. This establishment of Acpiaria is an evidence of tlie progression of education which is taking place in every department of economic production, and there is little doubt that the ex])eriments which will be conducted from time to time in this Aquarium will be exceedingly useful, and, it is ho])ed, will k'ad to a further develojiment of the fishing industries of the colony. In comjiiling this work I'or the convenience of visitors to the Aquarium, an endeavour has ])een made to give the greatest ])ossilile amount of information about the fish of \ ictoria generally, which may, perhajis, be found interesting to the general i)ublic. Of course, every kind of fish which is mentioned in the book is not to be seen in the tanks ; the difficulties attending the capture of some of the rarer kinds being enormous, and, Avhen they are taken, there is the attendant risk of transit from the shore to the A(piariuni. It must Ije ])orue in mind also tliat only certain classes of fish, namely, those that are of what might lie termed a "domestic" turn of mind, are suitable for captivity; the swift- swimming migratory fislies of the ocean do not stand incarceration well, so that most of the specimens are those which are found in close proximity to our coasts. The Aquaeium Was commenced in 1884, and was opened in 1885. Since then additions and alterations have constantly lieeu made luitil it has been brought into its jiresent state of perfection. The difficulties attendiu"- the construction and carrying on of such an establishment in the first instance can only be imagined by one who has gone through the ordeal, as everything at first seems to combine for the mortification and disappointment of tlie manager. As a matter of fact, the public have very little idea of the difiit'ulties to be overcome. Nearly every one knows that fish are most delicate creatures, and very soon expire on being removed from tlieir native element. Here they live in an imitation sea, and all the conditions are artificial. It is evident that it is only by close observation of the conditions observable in creation that man can artificially keep such delicate creatures as the inhabitants of the ocean are in captivity, without simulating as much as possible by scientific means the conditions imposed by nature on all its creatures. 'Water when staernaut contains no atmos- pheric air for living creatm'es to respire, the tiny pools left in the hollows of the rocks l;l;IIH,l; OF AQUARIUM. by the ebbing- tide and into which all of us have gazed with wonder and delight at the mimic forests of seaweed and coral, blending in harmony with beauteous colour and exquisite form with the stolid crustaceans, wandering like the ghosts of departed heroes througli ancestral HAULING ON SOUTH MELBOURNE BEACH. — FRO-M A I'lCTUKE BV VICTIjR HENRY. halls, with members of the finny tribe darting from point to point, must have wondered at and admired the all-powerful laws of nature ; for were it not that the water were duly refreshed at the a])poiuted time by the incoming tide, the bright clear crystal water would lose its brilliancy, the colours of the vegetation would fade, the living creatures perish one by one, and what was an olijeet of beauty and admiration would become in a few short liours loathsome and foul. The same "eifect would occur, on a larger scale, in tlie ocean itself, were it not for the storms and tempests that cause the surface of the sea to be dashed into waves aud billows and sweetened and revivified by the life-giving oxygen of the atmosphere. The Tanks. The two tanks whicli are situated in the eastern corridor are constructed of Oastlemaine slate slabs — a material, however, which lias not been found suitable, as the chemical action of the sea-wator after a time causes exfoliations and consequent leaks — and it has been found necessary to have these tanks faced witli l)ricks. The slate is, however, excellently adapted for smaller tanks (such as those which are found in the entrance vestibule, lictween which and the Fernery may be seen :i tank entirely constructed of iron and glass, I he liottom being plate iron, riveted together, rhc jiillars of T iron being covered by cast- iron columns). The 60-ft. tank in the fur- ther corridor is also constructed of iron, hut on a (liiferont principle, the bottom con- sisting of cast-iron plates, riveted together. The glass is liest jdate, I5 inches thick, and is tixed in ])]ace with a mixture of red and white lead, with the addition of a little oil or Russian tallow, to ])revent it setting too hard. The liglitingof the tanks is all done from aliove, and a certain degree of sombreness is maintained in the corridors in order to allow of tlie hal)its of the denizens of the tanks being properly observed. The space where the sjiectators stand is opaque to the tishes themselves, as can be easily demonstrated by passing the liand close to the glass, when it wdl lie seen that no notice is taken Ijy the nioxenient, even though the eye of tlie tish lie within a few inches ; but the slightest sound of a tap on the glass by a finger iilitains instant attention. A curious effect ran also be observed liy glancing at the nji])er Va.ctiun, gives ii, mirrored rppresentatimi oC tlie interior li\ re surface of the water, wjiicli, acting of the tank and its contents. The Watek. The water which is used in the tanks is, in the first instance, obtained from the Bay, and pumped into 4U0-gallon tanks on carts, and then allowed to nm into three nnderground reservoirs containing in the aggregate over 100,000 gallons ; thence it is pumped into the tanks and allowed to return to the reservoirs. At the first ini'cption of the Acpiarium tliere was a great difficulty in getting the water free from tnrliidity, and it was some consiileralile time before experience tauglit that the cause was insufficient circulation and aeration, togetlicr with an excess of light; rays of the sun with their all-vivifying power start into life tountless millions of infusorial spores which cause the water to assume the appearance which is technically known as " pea soupy," and it becomes necessary to run the water oft' into one of the underground reservoir tanks, where in utter darkness the microscopic growths cease to exist and in three or torn- days the water has regained its oormal clearness. As will be readily understood, the management of an Aquarium is a mucli easier matter when adjacent to the sea-coast where a constant supply of salt water can be obtained when required, as there is no doubt that no matter how perfectly matters are arranged tlie daily supply must be beneficial ; however, in our case this is impossible. So the nearest api)roach to the economy of a miniature sea is aimed at by the use of the underground reservoirs and the circulation and aeration of the water. " Roll on, thou deep blue ocean, roll." — Byron. The underground reservoirs always contain three times the quantity of water that is in the show tanks, and it is on the maintenance of this proportion that the successful management of the Aquarium princi])ally depends. As soon as a show tank becomes turbid the water is at once run otf and fresli water suj)plied from the reservoirs. " All the broad bosom of the ocean keeps An equal motion ; swelling as it sleeps, Then slowly sinking ; curling to tlie strand, Faint, lazy waves o'ercreep the ridgy sand, Or tap the tarry boat with gentle blow, And back return in silence, smooth and slow." System of Aeration. The system of aeration adopted after long and anxious consideration was that by com- pressed air. The advantages derived are manifold, the most imjiortant being that of economy, and it has so far proved most successful. The air is compressed by one of K. G. Ford's compressors, and stored in two cylinders 30 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, up to a pressure lA.S ENtilNES, AIR-COMPRESSOR, AND CYLINDERS. of 157 llis. to the sijuare iucli. The air is tlieii carried to tlie hacks of the tanks, and lieing taken down to the bottoms in f;ntta-i)crclia pipes, is seen by the visitor to rise in tiny silvery l)uV»bles to the surface. This constitutes a vital principle, and if the supply of air is stopped for half-au-liour all the fish in tlie tanks will be seen to be distressed, and in a short time would rise to tlie surface for air and die. The reason of this is obvious. The fish breathe througli tlieir (;-ill8, and roli the water in winch they are of its oxygen, which has conseipiently to he artificially supplied to keej) them alive. In establislung Aquaria, the great difficulty iias always been to reguhite the sujiply and demand of oxygen in the water. In small Aquaria this can be accomjdisiied liy iidjustiug the -]iroi)ortiou of animal and vegetable life. The water ])lants and sea-weed give off the oxygen whic'h is tlie life of the fish, and consume the deleterious carbonic acid gas. In large public Aquaria, however, it has been found preferable to employ systems of artificial aeration. This may be accomplished in several ways— by a constant flow of water ; by the water being driven into the tanks, so as to impinge on the siudace, and carry down minute air jiarticles ; by keeping up a constant motion in the surface of the tanks, as by having a small water-wheel revolving and lifting the surface water continuously ; or by forcing direct volumes of air into the tanks. This latter system has lieen ado]ited at this Ai|uariunias the most economi- cal and least likely to sto]i]iage or derangement, wliilst under its use it is piossible to maintain the true character of an Aquarium, that is, the employment ot certain quantities of sea-water which are stored and renewed from time to time, the actual waste being reduced to a minimimi. Any jierson wishing to commence a maiine Aquarium on a scientific jirincijde, in which zoophytes and tlie lower forms of marine life may be kept, can do so very easily by getting a glass dish about the size of a wash- hand basin, placing on the bottom sand and a few stones covered with sea-weed growth, the specimens desired to keep, and a comjilete aeration c.m be secured by filling and emjitying a glass syringe full of the water several times a day, injecting sharply at a dis- tance of, say, 6 inches from the sm-face, by which means enough air is carried intf) the water to keep it fresh and in a natural condition. In fact, in an Aquarium it is necessary to simulate the action of the sea, where the constant action of the waves and tides acting under natural laws is absolutely necessary to prevent tiie stagnation of the ocean. In several of the Euro})ean A([uaria artificial sea-water has been itsed with varying success, prepared according to the following foiinula : — ■ Common salt Kpsom salts si p.irts I Chloride of magnesium ... ... 10 parts 7 ., Chloride of potassium ... ... 2 ,, is naturally preferable, and is always used where it can be iive the comjiosition of sea-water according to analysis : — !I(J4744 Gypsum or sulphate of lime ... 1'407 Carbonate of lime Unaccounted for The real sea-water, however, ohtaiiicil. It may he interesting to Water Common salt or chloride of .sodium ... L'7'0.')!) Chloride of magnesium .. ... .'J'tiGfi Chloride of potassium ... ... 0'7ti5 Bromide of magnesium ... ... 0'029 Epsom salts or sulphate of magnesium 2295 The last-mentioned comjiouent jiarts occur in infinitesimal quantities in both sea fresh water, and are therefore not usetl in protlucing the artificial fluid. 0033 002 1000 000 Wonders of the Sea. The sea occupies three-fifths of the surface of the earth. At the depth of aliont 3,500 feet waves are not felt. Tlie teni])erature is the same, varying only a trifle from the ice of the jiole to the liiirniug sim of the equator. A mile dowu the water has a jjressure of over a ton to the square inch. If a box 6 feet deep were filled with sea-water aud allowed to evaporate under the sun, there would be 2 inches of salt left on tlie bottom. Taking the average depth of the ocean to be 3 miles, there would lie a layer of pure salt 230 feet thick on the l)ed of the Atlantic. The water is colder at tlie liottom than at tlie surface. In the many bays on the coast of Norway the water often freezes at the liottoni lieforo it does above. Waves are very deceptive. To look at them in a storm one would think the water travelled. The water stays in the same place, but the motiou goes on. Sometimes in storms these waves are 40 feet high, and travel 50 miles an hour — more than twice as last as the swiftest steam-ship. The distance from valley to valley is genei-ally fifteen times the height, hence a wave ;"> feet high will extend over 75 feet of water. The force of the sea dashing on Bell Kock is said to be 17 tons for each square yard. Evapora- tion is a wonderful power in drawing the water from tlie sea. Every year a layer of the entire sea, 14 feet tliick, is taken up into the clouds. Tlie winds liear their burden into the laud, and the water comes down in rain upon the fields, to flow liack at last through rivers. The depth of the sea presents an interesting problem. If the Atlantic were lowered from 6,fi54 feet the distauce from shore to shore would be half as great, or 1,500 miles. If lowered a little more than 3 miles, say, 19,680 feet, there would be a road of dry land from Newfoundland to Ireland. This is the plain on which the great Atlantic (tables were laid. The Mediterranean is comparatively sliallow. A drying up of 660 feet wonld leave tliree ditferent seas, and Africa would be joined witli Italy. Tlie British Chainiel is more like a pond, which accounts for its chopjiy waves. It has beeu found difficult to get the correct soundings of the Atlantic. A midshipman of the Navy overcame the difiiculty, and shot weighing 30 lbs. carries down the line. A hole is bored through the sinker, through which a rod of iron is passed, moving easily back and forth. In the end of the bar a cup is cut out, and the inside coated witli lard. Tlie bar is made fast to tlie line, aud a sling holds the shot on. When tiie bar, which extends below the liall, touches the earth tlie sling unhooks, and the shot slides ofl'. The lard in the end of the bar holds some of tlie mud, or wliatever may be on the bottom, and a drop shuts over the cup to prevent the water from washing the sand out. When the ground is reached a shock is felt, as if an. electric current had passed through the line. Every square mile of the sea contains 120 million fish of various kinds. Aktificial Sba-wateu. I have made numerous experi- ments with a view to keeping fisli alive in artificial sea-water, with only partial success. In sea-water, prepared according to chemical analysis, the fish became blind and only lived a few days. In water brought to a standard - ..gi^u up to a strength with refined salt made from sea-water, the more liardy kinds of fish did very well, and in water made with SonthalFs sea-salt, or the salt obtained from the Geelong works, the fish seemed as much at home as in their natural element, and in this water I also got sea-weeds to grow ; so that the possession of a marine Aquarium is not dependent on proximity to the sea-shore. 8 Machinery. Not the least important (lejiarf inent of the Aquarium is the Machinery-room. liiu,i>' of tlie estal)lishmeiit in tlie shape of a'ForcFs air-eompressor, whi(" up to a ]iressni-e of 15n Ihs. to the square inch, and Avliich is stored in two cylinders g;>'i ^ - ' Here is the 1 condenses atmosjjhere or receivers. lilKliUMIM St Kl '^ \r lllh ^IJCAltir.M. ;W feet h:)n<;- and 3 feet iu diameter. This is one of the features ol this Aquarium, and renders it distinct from all otliers, where a constant stream of water has to he kept runninj;- tlirouu'h to the tanks, as the air is regulated by a system of pressure-gauges, and the attendant, on leaving in the afternoon, simjily sets his taps, and the air is supplied in proper quantities till the next morning. In order to assist in maintaining the proper condition of the tanks, the water is circulated for an hour or more every morning, a separate stream heing poured into each tank aud carried off by overflow ])i]ies. The following note from the report of the Director of the Marine Biological Association^ Plymouth, explains the system adopted in their Laboratory, which is similar to ours, with this difference, that they have the advantage of a daily supply of salt water from the sea, which we do not enjoy at the Exhibition Aquarium. 9 The new system adopted for supplying' the tanks in tlie Tiaboratory witli sea-water has shown itself to be a decided improvement upon that orin'iually used. It may be of interest to describe somewhat in detail tlie metliod now emplnyed. Water is pumjjed from the sea iit high tide — when possible, only at the liighest spring tides — into one of the large underground reservoirs. From thence it is pumjied twice daily into the tanks in the centre of the Laboratory upstairs. In the intervals between the pumpings (twelve hours) these tanks are allowed to empty themselves about one-half, the water running from them falling into the Aquariiim below. The Aq^un.rium, however, is supplied principially by a constant circulation of water from the second underground reservoir, which thus becomes gradually renewed hy the water falling into it from the Laboratory. By this arrangement the water supplied in the Laboratory is such only as has not ])reviousiy been used, whilst at the same time the water in the second reservoir and the Aquarium is constantly replaced by water from the sea. There can be no doubt that the water now in the tanks upstairs is much better for delicate work than tluit in the general circulation of the Aquarium. Foraminifera, which formerly did not develo]! normally in the water, can now be satisfactorily reared, and colonies of hydroids have sprung up on the sides of the tanks. Two shallow wooden tanks, placed immediately under the windows on the south side, have been especially successful. Green weeds have sprung uj) all around their sides, together with a few tufts of red weeds, and numerous colonies of hydroids, serpulids, and comjiound ascidians. In these tanks the most varied animals, including Hydractinia, Sponges. Echinits, Aplysia, and Ascidians have remained quite healthy for several months, and appear to be still in the same condition. From this and other exjieriments wliiidi 1 have made, I feel little doulit that the direct action of suidight upon a j>ortion, at least, of the water is an important factor in keeping it in a satisfactory condition to support the more delicate forms of animal life. It is only in the jireseuce of sunlight also that sea-weeds will grow, and in an A([uarium where these grow in quantity a much more abundant supply of the minute forms of animal life which serve as food for the larger is invariably found. The Fishes ales " . . . Ami fish that with their fins ami sliiiiiii^ Gliile under the gieen wave : . . . . . . . part single, part witli mate Graze the sea-weed their pasture, and tlirough grooves Of coral stray, or sporting witli quick glance. Show to the sun their waved coats, dropped with gold." Are obtained from Qneensclilf, Western Port, and other points in the Bay ; and it is in obtaining snch sjiecimens, and landing them safely at the Aquarium, that the great difficulty exists. In the first place, if a fish has been hooked the hook must be gently removed, and the fish placed in the well of the boat, and then kept in a floating cage for some time, to become accustomed to caiitivity — of com-se, the same apjdies to fish caught in nets — and for transit to Melbourne are placed in tins of various shapes, which are jirovided with an iimer compartment of stout calico, which is stretched all round to 23revent the fish being liiu't. The moment the tins are stocked they must be sent off, and a constant agitation kejit up in the water to retain the fish alive. As an illustration of the amount of oxygen recjuired by a fish, I may state that almost any ordinary fish the size of one's hand would exhaust the oxygen in a bucket of still salt water in a quarter of an hour, and would then die unless an artificial aeration was given to the water by some vessel being dipjied into the bucket and its contents being allowed to fall some distance through the air to entangle oxygen or forcing in air through a tube connected with a i)air of bellows. FISH CAhlilEItS. 10 Feeding the Fish. The lish are fed regularly every day, and their food consists of fish or meat cliojiped up into pieces about the size of the top of one finger : they especially favour jiilcliard. Visitors sliould make a point of watching the fish at feeding time, as the various methods of tlie ditferent species in taking their food can be watched with interest. Others feed on small crustacea, or on the sea-weed which is placed in the tanks. They also eat mnssels very freely. When possible they are always provided with live food, in order to prevent any detritus accumulating. A favorable food is boiled crayfish. The Public Aquarium is essentially a modern development, dating its origin tVoni the year 1853, when a "fish-house" was established at the Zoological Gardens, in London. As a sign of ninctecntb cmtiu-y progress, it may not take so high a rank as the steam-engine, the electric telegraph. Im- perial federation, and (itlier atlvanced move- ments ; but, without doulit, it possesses highly useful j)Ossibili- fies, Itoth as a source I if harndess amusement and as a ]iopular educa- tor. Already it has lieljied to (lis))el some (if the ancient myths I if the ocean world, and other fiibles of the deep are fast /st('iiia JS^aturcB, is now an acknowledged creation of tancy : and the sea serjient, that last remnant of the fabled past, is raj>idly losing credit. Although perhaps we may cast a lingering and regretful glance on the vanishing myths which charmed and entranced our forefathers, still we can console ourselves with the reflection that we stand on a higher platform when we substitute the study of fact for the credence of fiction. Icthyology and cognate terms are suggestive of ponderous " dry-as-dust " treatises, but the study of fishes and other marine life can be carried on without dulness. " Dulness does not exist in science is the dictum of an eminent English sacaxt, ;ind it is certain that fish life, whether observed from a river bank with an angler's rod and line, or viewed through the less exciting medium of the glass side of an Aquarium tank, affords endless food for interesting reflection. " Wcinderful indeed are all His works, Pleasant to kuow and worthiest to be all Had in remembrance always with delight ; lint what created mind can compreliend Their number, or the wisdom infinite That brought them forth, but hid their causes deep ? " — Milion. Although Aquaria, as we now understand them, are institutions of a modern growth, the purpose which they serve was in very active operation many years ago. Independently of the (Jliinese and Japanese, who, from the earliest times, have been in the habit of keeping domestic fish for their amusement, the ancient Romans carried the art of pisciculture to a very high pitch 11 THE SEALS. SEA LEOPARD. 12 of jioi'fcH'tioii, :iii(l spent ciiuriuous sums in nijikiuj;' cliiiiiuels IVoiu their villas at Baiit ami >.'a|)les to the sea-sliore, in order to lead the fresh salt water every tide to the intricate system of ponds whicli existed in connexion with tlieir houses. Advantage was also taken of the habits of those fish which enter fresh water to s])awn, as small rivulets were sometimes turned into the channels to simulate a natural river, and the fishes used to go u]) these clianuels to spawn, thus stocking the ponds, as the exit of tiie fry would he stopped by sluice-gates. It was a common feature to have a pond in tlie han(pieting hall, so that guests could see the fish caught before being prepared for the feast, and anuise themselves by watching the dying agonies of their greatest dainty, the Red Mullet, whicli, in its death, takes the varied hues of the rainbow. The cultivation of this fish at one time liecame a nuinia. which must have resembled tlie tuliji fever whicli occurred early in tliis century, as in the reign of ( 'aligula we read that as nuich as £'J4i_l was given for a single Mullet, and that the fish pouds of (J. Herius were sold for an amount greater than £30,000. AVheu the visitor has examined the contents of tlie various tanks, and muses on the infinite variety of marine life here jnit before him, their difference of form, nature, construction, habit, and being, he may perlia])s be induced to say, with Lord Bacon — " I Iiad rather lielieve all tlie failles in the legend and the Talmud and the Alroraii than that this universal frame is without a mind, and, therefoi-e, (Jod never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it. It is true that a little philosophy inolineth men's minds to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion ; for while the mind of man looketh upon second c:iuses scatteretl, it may sometimes rest in them and go no further ; but when it beholdeth the chain of them cnnfeilerate and linked together, it must needs fly to Providence and Deity. If this be true of science generally, ssurely it must be emphatically as regards the animal creation, so vast in its extent, exhibiting at each step such close relationships, and yet such infinite variety, such countless manifestations of supreme design, unspeakable wisdom, of limitless beneficence and omnipresent agency, all pointing out with finger unmistakable the power, the goodness, and the majesty of God." " There .Science, veil thy daring eye, Nor dive too deep, nor soar too high In that divine abyss : To faith content thy beams tolend, Her hope assure, her steps liefriend, And light her way to bliss." THE SEALS. {I'lioca rifiiliita.) These anini;ds, wjiicli belong to the genus carnicora, ;uid are often misnauied fishes, are louiid along the sea-coasts of all the temperate parts of tlie globe. The specimens shown in tiic Aquariiun are the hnir Seal in coutradistinction to the far Seal of commerce, whicli only exists in the colder regions. The term ivtnlhnt arises from their calt-likc bellowing, and is ajiplicd to this species on account of the bleating noise made by the young Seals. Seals are strictly amphibious ; they exist equally well on land or water, and only frequent the latter element because their limbs are lietter adapted for swimming than walking, and because their food is found entirely in the sea. Their marine life is not absolutely necessary for their existence. All members of this family are piscivorous, and the amount of fisli a Seal can devour is astonishing ; and, notwithstanding the fact tliat they must do enormous ihinnige to the fisheries, they are now jirotecteil by law. They cannot breatlie lielow water, but inflate tlic lungs as does the human animal. The power of the lungs is larger in comjiarison tliaii in man, ;uid the Seal, taking a bigger breath, has the power of comjiress- ing a large quantity of atmosplieric air, and so remaining a longer period under water. Tlie nostrils Inive a beautifully arranged valvular construction which enables an alisolute cdosure of the air 2)assages, and so pi'cveuts the pressiu'C of water entering tlie lungs and causing suffocation. It may not be generally known that pearl-divers and others who do not use the diver''s dress, in order to attain this object, tire obliged to close the nostrils with tin instrument resembling the common (dothcs-peg. The eye is also specially protected, luiving a secondary transparent lid which covers the pupil when below water. The ears are also j^rotected with valves. The senses of smelling, hearing, and vision are extremely acute. In the water the fore and hind fli2)pers are used in the same manner as the fins of fishes, and their rate of progression in the water i« very swift, as visitors can see for themselves. When they come on land a complete metamorphosis takes place, as their hind legs are tucked under them, as in the .iccompanying sketch, and the arching of the 18 spine enaliles tliem to travel as i[uifkly as a man run rnn. The fure and hind flippers are provided with nails, as shown in sketeh on following pa.u-e. Their colour when out of the water is a wliity- l)rown, darker on the back than else- where. The speci- mens in the Aqna- riuui all come from Julia Percy Island where they resort in great numbers every vear. Mr. W. H. 'Dusting, of Portland, who has had great oppor- tunities of watch- ing the habits of these animals, in- forms me that during December and January there are about 3,000 or 4,000 of them on Julia Percy Island. The breeding does arrive there heavy in young, and re- main on the island till April or June. For about a month before they leave the you n g a r e taught to swim by dabbling about amongst the holes in the rocks. They are polygamous, and during the rut- "-. ting season the bulls tame seals anu keeper are very savage. Each bull selects a favorite camping spot Ibr young buck who strays within the charmed When the Seals are leaving the island and taking to the sea, their great delight is to sport in the billows which surge round the rocks, and here tlie young get the tiiushing lessons in the natatory art. Visitors may be astonished to learn that the Seals become acclimatised to living in fresh watei-, the only discoverable dra^\■- back, so far, being that a few have died from hydatids ; but whetlier this is due to their being kept in ti-esh water or not I i-annot say. In captivity they become very docile, and can be taught any ordinary tricks such as dogs are. The princi[)al element of their treatment is that which applies to all animals, i.e., kindness combined with firmness, and a cultiviition of that which is known in children as "cupboard love." In captivity their ordinary allowance of food is 10 to 12 lbs. of fresh fish daily. Up to the present they have not bred in the Aquarium. himself and family, and woe betide any unfortunate circle, as lie is promptly killed or severely treated. 14 SEAL I'J.iri'KKS. A.N. P. wi'ites as follows : — The late Frank Biickland told a story of liow lie was once snubbed by an old sailor for telling liini that a whale was not a fish. " Hang it. man," said the old salt, " I have been at sea, man and boy, for 40 years, and you now tell nie that a whale is not a fish." And the indignant tar would not even deign to ask Mr. Buekland what he would make out a whale to be. There are no doubt many other people, lands- men and seamen Ijoth, who hold the same opinion as dirl the old sailor with regard to the zoological position of the whale. But we imagine there are very few who would take a seal to be a fish, though what a seal may be, beyond being simply a seal, it is not at first sight easy to make out. That it cannot, pi'operly speaking, be called a fish is plain. Its body, looked at in a general way, is certainly unfishlike in appearance, Ijut its head and neck are those of a lieast, not to speak of its fur ; it lives in water it is true, but it breathes air. It is a sort of thing that is neither fish, flesh, nor fowl. Perhaps it is a transitional form between the fish of the sea and the beasts of the eai-th. The question was one which we thought our young friend, " the jjrofessor," whose observations concerning the shark were by no means uninteresting, would be best able to answer ; so W'e. referred it to him, suggesting that, if there were any Irutii in niodi'rn zoological theories, the seal might be the transitional form which led from fishes to higher animals. "Oh, no," said the professor, " on the contrary, the seal is an instance of a being belonging to a higher type degenerating into the habits and form of a lower. Seals and walruses are true niannnals, as, indeed are those more extreme forms, the whales ; they give birth to young, which are unable to feed tliemselves, as do the highest class of animals, and they suckle them with mother's nnlk. There is abundant evidence to show that the ancestors of seals were land animals — beasts of prey, similar in many respects to the bear. A hasty glance at a seal might not, perhaps, lead you to suppose that it had hands and feet, or rather foie paws and hind paws. Yet when you look at it more carefully you perceive that its flippers are in every important respect like hands, there being a wrist and five fingers provided with nails ; and what, when hastily glanced at, appears to be analogous to a w bale's or (hilphin's tale, is really the two hind feet stretched backwards and permanently tied in that position Ijy strong folds of skin ; each foot, you will observe, has five toes with toe-nails, and the little stumpy tail lies between the two feet. A man who came across the skeleton of a seal, unless he were versed in osteology, would have great difficulty in distinguishing it from that of an ordinary quadruped ; the arm and leg bones, wrists, and ankles, and phalanges would be all there, the only readily noticeable feature lieing the exceeding shortness of the arms and legs and the undue length of the paws. The ordinary seal lias no external ear ; liut in those seals which are called sea-lions and -sea-bears, and sometimes eared seals, thereis the remains of an external ear. very small and rudimentary, and, apparently, quite useless ; Init, by its very presence, bearing witness to the seal's ancestral descent. Now, the ordinary seal can make no use whatever of its hind feet when on land, and its fore feet being buried up to the wrists in the body of the animal, can be used only very clumsily for walking. But in the eared seals, whose rudimentary ears seem to indicate that they are not so far removed as are the common seals from their quadrupedal ancestors, the limbs are less modified. The hind legs, though stretched backwards when tlie creature swims in water, are not tied back permanently by folds of the skin, ami its fore legs are not buried in the liody, but from the elbow downwards are quite free. Hence, when the sea-bear is on land, it can stancon the case, th ' ' striking warning to those of our own species who tind competition keen, and desire to strike out on new lines of their own. The porpoises, dolphins, whales, &c., have no doubt got what they wanted in the way of food ; they have the ocean full of tish to feed upon, and their superioi brain power enables them to take due advantage of this sea of wealth. But at what a price have they gained their wealth ! From the noble state of normal nianunalocracy they have become degraded almost to the condition of the fish they feed upon. The pursuit of wealth is not without its dangers. "l)o you then," we asked the professor, "suppose that porpoises and. other cetaceans are descended from seals? That the line of descent has gone from bear to sea-ljear, from sea-bear to seal, from seal to porpoise, and so on ? " " Proliably the course of descent has been something in that way," he answered, " though it would be more correct to say that it passed from the early ancestors of the bears to the early ancestors of sea-bears, and from these to the ancestors of seals, anil so on through e.\tinct forms, such, for instance, as the fossil zeuglodon, to the early cetacea. But it is necessary to bear in mind that there is a wide gap between the seal and the porpoise. Although the seal cannot use its hind legs for walking, still the limljs are there all complete. I have already pointed out, however, that the integument has bound the feet and tail into one mass. In course of generations, as this mass became more fused together, the limb bones, through want of pliability, w-ould become rather a hindrance than a help ; and so, according to a principle everywhere seen in the animal world, they would be gradually less developed in different individuals, until finally they became abortive, reaching the condition to be seen in a certain analogous fossil form, where there is nothing left but insignificant hip and thigh' Ijones, and ending, as in the present whales and porpoises, where there is only a mere rudiment of a hip bone. There is one interesting feature which I should not omit to mention. Most mammalian animals have two sets of teeth, an early set, called the milk teeth, and a subsecjuent permanent set. The seal has these two sets of teeth, but tlie milk teeth are produced ami shed before the young seal is born. The wlialebone whales also, which have no need wliatever of teeth, shed them all while they are still unborn embryos." The professor seemed to have many interesting facts with which to support his views concerning the zoological position of the seals, but we observed to him that the idea of land animals, and especially of such highly organized forms as mammalians, changing their condition for a marine existence, was a very strange one, and should not be accepted without abunilant evidence. '* How is it,"' we asked, " that we see nothing of these changes going on in tlie present day?" " Such clianges are to be seen,'' answered the professor ; "a familiar example is the otter — an animal nearly allied to the bear in its anatomical structure, though not in size and external form. Its feet are webbed, its ears very small, and on land its movements are slow and awkward. The sea otter (Enhydra lu/ris), «itli its short and broad limbs, stumpy tail, and rounil head, bears no distant resemblance to the sea-lions and sea-bears." Our suggested theory of seals being the transitional forms through which animals had progressed from marine to terrestrial life not having met with the professor's approval, we asked him through what forms he supposed this change had taken place. " Oil, there can be no doubt, " said he, " that it was through the mud fishes, such as the Barramundra or IG Ceratodus of Queensland. Tlie Ceratodus is an tMrly form of fisli, scarcely more developed than the shark. Like the shark, it has a persistent notochord, and many of its bones are cartilaginous; l)ut it possesses two impoitant 'structures which fit it for existence on land, namely, an airliladder. so modified as to enable it to breathe air when on landywhilst it still breathes with its 'gills when in water, and a heart which has two auricles instead of only one, as in all otlicr tishes. These mud lishes were for a long time classed amongst amphibians, and were not at first recoonised as being fish at all. There are many more highly- developed fishes which are able to e.xist for a great length of time out of water, such, for instance, as the climbing jK-rches of India, wliich go overland in hirge droves ; but these fishes tlo so liy keeping their gills constantly moistened; They have no true air-breathing ap))aratus. It is through the lowly nnid fishes that the gr-eat advance fiiun water to land has taken place. Indeed, all the great advances in animal life have been through low and humble forms. The line of ilescent which has led to the highest forms has not passed through the Crustacea and the wonderfully organized insects, but through the worm ; it has not passed through the great cuttle fishes and octopus, but through some lusty ascidian ; the entrance to the vertebrates was by the little amphioxus ; the entrance to the air-breathing vertebrates was not through the great tyrants of the ocean, but through the despised and lowly mud fish, and the mammalia first appeared in some modest form like the Tasmanian duck-bill or platypus." .So that it seems nature teaches ns not to despise small beginnings ; and that those events which are ushered in \\ ith much ponip and pride are not always the most important. Hut this is w^andering from the subject. To come back to the seals. I'he brain of the seal is not only very large, but richly conv<)lnted, and consequently we fiiul that the animal is propor- tionately intelligent. Like the otter, it can lie tamed, and trained to catch fish at the command and for the benefit of its owner. Like the dog, it becomes greatly attached to man, and many stories are told which display its extraordinary anrl touching att'ec- tion. In its natural condition its habits are exceedingly curious ; and no more interesting picture can be drawn than that of the domestic life of seals, more especially of eared seals, which are numerously represented in the southern seas. We take the following from Captain Charles Bryanfs account of a sea-lion's " rookery,"' as the breeding-ground is called. The same rookery is used from year to year. As breeding time approaches, a few old veteran males make their appearance near the shores of the land on which the rookery is situated, and, after two or three days' careful ree]e when the jaws are shut, those of tlie alligators fitting into a ])it or cavity in the upper jiiw. In crocodiles also the hind legs have a fringe of compressed scales. The siiecimeiis here shown are true crocodiles. The stuffed specimen, which can be seen in the Fisheries Court, was the first crocodile shown liy the Trustees at the Aquarium. It created a great sensation, owing to its enormous size, and was calculated by scientists to be upwards of 2U0 years old. An Auu'rican newspaper prints the following humorous extract : — A PET ALLIGATOR. " My boy once liail a pet alligator that was pretty fierce," oliserved Meekin, the lazy inventor. " When he teased this young sanriau the beast would swipe out with its powerful tail in an amazing fashion, without doing itself or anybody else any good. It occurred to nie that here was a splendid example of wasted energy, and I set out to devise a means of conserving it and turning it to some useful purpose. I spent a winter in Florida, and after I had experimented with sonic of the small 'gators that are supplied to tourists for a consideration, I ordered some big fellows. After some little trouble I secured ten 'gators, each about four feet in length and of about ten-horse power tail capacity. My sclieme for utilizing their tail power — yes, it was a kind of 'tail race ' — was this : The 'gators were placed side by side in stalls, which left their tails free to wag. I had upright Ijeams set like pendulums, the swinging end of the beams coming close enough to the 'gators to be in a good position for action. Then I Ijuilt a tank over the stalls and tilled it with thundering big cannon balls. There was an inclined chute running from the tank to a power wheel made with hollow pieces in the rim, something like a water-wheel. In the clmte I liad a valve to regulate the flow of cannon balls. Half the 'g.Ttors were used to worli the cannou-ball part of the machine, and the other half to run a conveyor contrivance to lift the balls back into the tank after they had done their work in turning the wheel. I connected a small dynamo by a belt to a pulley wheel on thepower- wlieel shaft. My main circuit ran from the dynamo to a bank of incandescent lamps, wliich were to be used in the test. When evei-ything was ready, the wheels oiled up, main switch closed, and the 'gators pretty mad, I hired four little coloured boys to go along in front of the stalls and crack the 'gators on the head witli short clubs. This made 'em awfu mad, and so they struck out with their tails. Tlien the old shebang commenced to run. A little coon would hit a 'gator on the head, lie'd let out M'itli liis tail, strike a Vieam, open the valve, let out a cannon ball, which rolled down the chute and on to the wheel, turning it around. Then the ball rolled liack to the conveyor and was hoisted up by one of the other 'gators, ^^he was Iiumming lieautifuUy ; but I had forgotten one thing ; tliat was a governor. The little coons liked their work, and lambasted the 'gators unmercifully. I stopped them, but the wild animals were beyond control. They lashed around until the speed got so higli that the armature of the dynamo burned out with a flash. The 'gators running the conveyor got into a race with the other fellows, and hoisted up cannon lialls so fast that the tank got overweighted and broke down. The cannon balls fell on the 'gators' heads and killed every one of them. Fact, I assure you." — Kansas City JuiiriHil- THE l'LATYi'U8. ( ()riiit!)orliiincliii,'< paradoxus^ The Platypus jiond will be ftuind in the outside enchisure. As these mammals tire very difficult to keep in (;a])tivity, it does not always happen that there are specimens in the pond : unfortunatiily. also, their habits are nocturnal, ack part ot tlic thigh. The whole apparatus is so exactly analogous in structure to the poison gland and tooth of a venomous snake as to suggest a similar function, but evidence that the platypus ever employs its spur as an offensive weapon has, at all events, until lately been wanting. A case is, however, related liy Mr. Spicer in the proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for 1876 THE HOME OF TH K Pr.ATVPrS. the teeth are sitirated in the bai:k part of The feet arejfurnished with a membrane physiological iEORGE B facts may be HALFORD. 24 {p. 16'2), of a captured platypus inflicting a severe wound l)y a ]K)\vcrful lateral and inwatd movement of the liind legs, wliioli wound was followed liy symptoms of active local poisoning. It is not iniprol»al)le that botli tlie inclination to use the weapon and the activity of the secretif>n of the gland may Ije limited to tlie breeding season, and tliat tlieir purpose may be, like that of the antlers of the deer and many similar organs, for combat among the males. In the young of both se.xes the spur is present in a rudimentary condition, but it disappears in the adult females." TO THK KDITOR OF THE "AKfa'S." Sir, — The letter you w-ere good enough to publish re the sjiur of the platypus has drawn the following interesting remarks fi-om Mr. G. W. Rusden : — *' Al)out fifty years ago an instance of tlie effect of the poison came under my notice at the Murrumljidgee River. A very active, intelligent native was, with another native, in a bark canoe He speared a platypus, and when lie was in tlie act of l)ringing it to the edge of the canoe some misadventure nearly causeil tiie capsizing of tlie canoe. In preventing the upsetting of tlie crank canoe tlic liand of the native was put within the range of tlie platypus' hind feet. The creature in its death struggles dug its spurs into the man's wrist. He had no sooner laniied on tlie l)ank than he felt faint and liad to rest, very much overcome by faintness. After less than an hour he showed me tlie swelling at the places of jniiK-ture. The arm, especially at the shoulder, was very mucli swollen for many days, and the swelling of tlie glands so painful tliut the arm was useless for some time. When all swelling had sul)sided, tlie arm was smaller than the man's left arm, and for several weeks appeared to be undergoing atrophy. However, it regained its tone ; and tlie first use my friend made of itwas by taking a canoe a few miles down the river and spearing nine tine specimens of the platypus, by way of revenge for his former mishap. He promised me the spoil, and gave me the skins." These curious creatures are fast disappear- ing from the earth. They lay eggs like a bird, but the hatching of the young is of the amphibian type ; they suckle their young on shore, and are, in the opinion of advanced Darwiuianists, tlie primaival ancestors of man. " L'Histoire est I'raimKiil singv/iere ! " — Yours, &c., „ . ., ,, o GEORGE B. HALFORD. university. May 9. Its fu(i(l I'dusists (if tViios, worms, and insects, liccent rL'seai-clu's have proved tliat tliey are ovijiai'ons. and the eg.os have been found in various staoes. hut the seareity of tlie animal and the inaeeessihility of its haliitat has remlered it difficult to olitain mucii reliable information on the subject. A number of stutied specimens can be insiiected in tlie Zoological De})artiuent of the Museum liy those who ai-e interested in this imirpie luember of the fauna peculiar to Australia. MUD TURTLES. The curious re]itiles Unown by tlie o-eneric name of Tortoises are remarkable for being an example of the skeleton beino brono-ht to the surface of the body, as the ujiper shell or carapace and the lower shell or plastron ;ire in reality a broadenino- out of the ribs and of the chest bones, a comiilete box being formed into wliich the animal can completely withdraw its legs, liead, and tail. 25 In Decade IX. of his Prodromus of the Zoologn of Victoria, Sir Frederick McCoy writes : — This species varies nmcli in the rugosity of the upper plates and in the deptli of the shell, some of the same age and sex being much smoother and flatter than others. The males usually are narrower and deeper or more c mvex, thicker and more rugose than the females, and with larger tails. The young are more nearly orbicular, and with tlie notches in tlie SKELETON OF TURTLE. posterior marginal plates very much deeper and more con- spicuous than in the adults, and with, of course, the shields covering the shell very much thinner. A series of measure- ments also shows that the proportion of length to wiilth of the vertebral plates also varies greatly in specimens otherwise perfectly alike, the fourth vertebral plate being sometimes as long as wide, and sometimes nearly twice as long. The upper surface of the carapace is imiformly of a very dark- brownish or blackish olive ; the marbling with grey which is mentioned by older writers only appearing in dried specimens ; the underside of the sternum is always of a nearly uniform yellow ochre tint, becoming of a more greenisli or brownish hue towards the marginal places, but without dark margins or spots ; the skin is uniform blackish, except the edges of the jaws and the streak from them along the sides of the neck and touching the lower edge of the ear drum which is yellow. The size of the granules on the skin of the neck varies considerably also irrespective of other characters. The so- calleil beard or barbels arc two minute, soft, retractile, conical tubercles or papilla;, very likely to be overlooked, as when retracted they only leave a smootli oval spot. Tile presence or absence of this so-called beard cannot be taken as a character of generic value with advantage, as it varies so much like the other appendages of the skin. These mud tortoises can scarcely be said to differ generically from the South .American Platemys and Hydraspis, the two barbels under the chin being really present in all tlie specimens if carefully looked for, and the slightly more distinct plating of the temples with small polygonal shields constituting a very slight ground for generic distinction. The eggs have a strong white calcareous shell of a slightly ovate form, very little wider at one end than the other, bluntly rounded at each end. I'JIEFAKED srEOIiME.X SHOWING INT-EKNAl, OKG.VNIS.M OF MUD TURTLE. 26 FISHES. (I'lSCI'S.) This <'l;iss ciiibraces ;ill tlmse iiiliabitants of the water who cannot live any time mit of it ; they swim by means of tins, breathe b}' gills, wiiere the blooii, which is eolil, comes in contact with the oxygen in tlie water for the aeration of their system. Tiieir gills breatlie water as the Inngs of other animals lireatlie air. Tlie reason a tish dies wlien it is taken ont of the water is l)ecanse the di-lirate gill membranes become dry and collapse against each other, so that the circulation of the blood is stopped, and the oxygen of the atmosphere can no longer act upon it. The blood is cir- culated by a, heart witli two chambers, an auricle and a veutriele, which lies just behind the gills. In nearly every instance tish })ropagate their sjiecies by means of eggs, and are, therei'ore, called oviparous. The j>ro])elling power of the tish is almost entirely supplied by the tail, the tins being almost exclusively used for balancing. The tins are termed "dorsal,"' ''pectoral,'' "anal,"' "abdominal."" and •• caudal " or tail. The dorsal tins are situated on the back, tlie pectoral on what might be called the shoulders, the anal near the vent, the abilominal or ventral may be said to correspond with the hinder liml)s of quadrupeds, whilst the caudal is commonly known as the tail. The scales are beautifully constructed, overlapping each other closely, and forming a natural sheathing, to allow of swift progression through the water. The skin of the fish is supplied with jiores, which ]iermit of the exudation of a secretion of a mucous substance which nature supjilies as a lubricator. On most fishes will be observed a lateral streak or line extending from the head to the tail, whence this lubrication jirincipally exudes; the scales on this line are perforated. The lateral line is supplied with nerves, and is termed tlie muciferous system. The optic nerve of hshes varies in diti'erent species; in some cases the nerve leads straight to the brain, in others the nerves cross so that the right eye is connected with the left side of the brain, and vice versa; whereas in the case of rays, sharks, &c., the optic; nerves join, and lead in a united band to the liraiu. The arrangement of the bones is so complicated and peculiar that reference to the illustration below will give a better idea of the subject than pages of descrijition. Fish are of distinct sexes, and are almost entirely ovi]iarons, the eggs being deposited by the females, fertilization by the male taking jdace immediately after- wards. As can be well iindei'stood, the majority of fish in this Acjuarium are those which are termed littoral oi- shore-fisri ; pelagic or deeji-sea fish lieing ditfi(Uilt to obtain, and also more difficult to maintain alive under artificial conditions, as they are not so acc^ustomed to (dianges of teiii|ieratiire and density of water as the fish which fre(|Ueiit the shores of our coasts. By the naturalist fish are classed under a number of orders, such as — Acanthopterygii or spine-finned, which is the most eoinprehensive ; Acauthini, with vertical and ventral fins, without ll:KI' \i:kii SPK<'1MKN SHdWINC IIROANIS.M OF KISII. INTEKXAI. C'hondroiiteryg-ii, with cartihiii'inous 27 spinous rays ; Physostomi, with reticulated fin ; Lopliohriiuehii, witli attached to branchial arches ; orders, which are again divided into classes and families. The latest systematic census of indigenous fish hitherto re- corded in Victorian waters is contained in a pai)er read by A. H. S. Lucas. Esq., M.A'., B.Sc, before the Roval Society of Victoria on 6th April, 1890, which I have much pleasure in reprinting- for the benefit of those readers wdio desire to enter into the scientific classification of our Victorian fishes. ;-ills branched together and skeleton ; and many other SKELETON OF FISH. A SYSTEMATIC CENSUS OF INDIGENOUS FISH HITHERTO RECORDED FROM VICTORIAN WATERS. By a. H. S. Lucas, M.A., B.Sc. l7it7'odiK:finn. The classification followed in this census is that adopted by the Hon. Sir William Macleay iu his Dencriplhx Catalogue of Amtraliim Fish. It is, in the main, that of Dr. (Tiinther, as elaborated in his Cat aloijae of Fishes oj the British Museum. To each species is appendeil : — (1) The name of the author who either originally descriljed it or who gave the specific name finally accepted, and an exact reference to the work in which the description or denomination first appeared, with the date of publication. (2) References to the more important synonyms, in cases where it was thought any ambiguity might exist. (3) A reference to the figure in case of those fish which have lieen figured. Where a fish has been figured more than once, usually only the latest or most accessible figure is recorded. The most important of these illustrations are the figures in the plates of Professor McCoy's Prodromns of Victorim Zonhyy. (4) The localities from which the species have been obtaineil, as far as known with precision. (5) The vernacular name as used in Victoria. Those species of which only single specimens have been obtaineil appear in parentheses, as do any others of whose occur- rence in Victorian waters there is any doubt. Amongst these last I have included all the species described or labelled as coming from Hobson's Bay or Port Phillip by Or, Klunzinger, in the Archiv.f. Naturri., xxxvii, 1872, since it seems probable that some South Australian fish have been confused with others sent to the Stuttgart Museum from Victoria. It seemed wiser to incorporate in the census the species as given by so considerable an authority as Dr. Kltinzinger, but questions of local distribution can only be satisfactorily settled by resident local workers, and it remains for evidence to be forthcoming to vindicate Dr. Klunzinger's Victorian records. As it stands, the list includes 23.S species. There can be no doubt but that many additions will be made, especially of smaller species, and of species living in deeper waters which require the use of the trawl for their capture. On the other liand, it seems higldy probable that several forms ranked as species are really but varieties. This is notably the case in the genera Monacanthus, Labrichthys, and possibly Galaxias. J^ti h nitwit "^t -t-1 V HORSK M.4CKEREL. 28 Our fish fauna has been very tardily worked out, and much remains to be done even now. A few of our fish are wcrrld-wide in their distril^ution, and tlie species thus secured the great Linna-us as their sponsor. The first strictly Australian species descrilied are, I believe, to be found in tlie pages of While's Journal to New Soiifh Wales, published in 1790. Amongst these a verv few Victorian forms are figured, in company with the Great Brown Kingfisher, and other " specify non-de^cripli" as White ternn them. As expeditions from Europe became more frequent, Australian fish appear in the systematic works, first of Bloch and of Lac^pede, and later on of Cuvier and Valenciennes. The voyages of the Freycinet Expedition, of the As'rutn'te, Beai/I'', Ere'uis, and Tenor, added a large number of Australian species in the Zoological Appendices to their Narratives. To Drs. Quoy and (laimard, to .Jenyns, and to Sir .lohn Richardson we owe thus a numl^er of descriptions. To the latter, too, were forwarded several consignments of Tasmanian fish, and of course many of these are common to Victoria and Tasmania : but it was not until 1S7'2 that a serious study was made of ^'ictorian forms proper. In that year Count F. de Castelnau, well known for his ])revious researclies on the fish of .South America and of the Cape of Oood Hope, publislied, in tlie Pnireediiigs of the Znologirnl Sodeli/ of Victoria, descriptions of aljout 1.50 species, which lie had obtained mostly from the Melbourne Fish Market. In the succeeding year he added notes on more species. The Count's laliours liave made the work of those who follow him mainly of a supplementary nature. Amongst others who have worked during the last twenty years at our fishes have been Drs. tiUnther, .Stcindachuer, KUlnzinger, and especially the Hon. Sir William Macleay, of Sydney, who has done so much for Australian Ichthyology in many ways, and most of all by tlie publication of his excellent Des-riplive Catuhique of Australian Fish. Finally, Professor McCoy has given detailed descriptions and figures, usually in colours, of o\'er 50 species of our Victorian fish. STB.^MEK WITH l'.E.\M TK.WNl.. SUB-CLA.SS I.-^TELEOSTEI. ORDER I. ACANTHOPTERYGII. Division I. — AcANTHOPTEriVGii Perciformes. FAMILY PERCID.«. Late.s, Cuvier. L. rohinorum, Gunther, A.M.N.H., p. 114, 1863. Macleay Cat. 2. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 14. Loc. — Gippsland Lakes. Occurs also at .Sandridge and at the mouth of the Saltwater River, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Gippsland Perch. L. simi'is, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict, I, p. 44, 1872. Macleay Cat. 3. Loc. — Gippsland Lakes, scarce, Castelnau, I.e. Lates, Cuvier — continued. L. an'an ticu.i, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 44, 1872. Macleay Cat. 4. Syn. — t. colonoiuin, var., McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name— .*>V(/ Ptrch. L. victoria, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 4o, 1872. Macleay Cat. 5. MlcKOPERCA, Castelnau. M. Yarra:, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 48, 1872. Macleay Cat. 12. Loc. — Lower Yarra, Castelnau, I.e. ^',N0PLOscs, Lacepede. E. armatus, white sp., Voyage to N.8.W., 17yo. Gunther Cat. I, p. 81 : Macleay Cat. 13. Figured White, Voy. to N.S.W., pi. .39. Loc. — Passim. Vernacular name — Bastard Uorey, Old Wife, Zebra fish. 29 SANII MI'IXET. (Anthias, Bloch.) {A. rmor, Rioharclson, P.Z.S. \>. 95, 1839.) Gimther Cat. 1, p. 93 ; Macleay Cat. 16. Figured, Richardson, T.Z.S. 1849, pi. 4. Loc. — One specimen from Western Port, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 51. Vernacular name- Tasmanian Red Perch or Barber. (Nannoperca, Gtinther. ) (N, ohsrura, Kltinzinger, Arcliix'. f. Naturg. , xxxviii, 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1144. -Loc. — " Yarra Lagoon," Klunzinger, I.e. Apogon, Lacepfede. A. fiUniheri, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict I, p. 4(5, 1872. Macleay Cat. 91. Syn. — Perhaps— .4. none ho/laiidice, Val. (Macleay, l.c) (A. coii^persus, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. Naturg , xxxviii, 1S72.) Macleay, Cat. Sup. 1141. Loc — Port Phillip, Klunzinger, l.c. Abripis, Jenyns. A. truttaceus, Cuv. et Val., Poissons III, p. .30, 18-29, Giinther Cat I, p. 253 ; Macleay Cat. 112. .Syn. — Includes A salar, Richardson, T Z S III, p 78. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. , pi. 16, 17. Loc. — Passim. Vernacular name — Salmon and Salmon-troui. A. i/eorijiamis, Cuv. et Val., Poissons VII, p. 451, 1831. Macleay Cat. 111. Figured, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. 54. Loc. -Common, according to Count Castelnau. I have not seen it. Vernacular name — Roiujhty. Oligokus, Giinther 0. macqiuiriensis, Cuv. et Val., Poissons III, p. 58, 1829. Giinther Cat. I, p. 251 ; Macleay Cat 114. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 85, 86. Loc. — Murray and tributaries ; now Yarra. Vernacular name — Murray Cod. 0. mitcheUii, Castelnau, P.Z S. Vict. II, p. 150, 1873. Macleay Cat. 115. Loc — Murray R., Castelnau, l.c. Vernacular name — Murray Perch (/TENOL.iTES, Guuther. C. amhhjuus, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 25, 1846. Gimther Cat. I, p. 270 ; Macleay Cat. 118. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. pi. 84. Syn. — Dules auratus, Castebiau, P. ZS. Vict. I, p. 55. Loc. — Murray and tributaries. Vernacular name — Murray Go/den Ptrch. F.AMILY PKISTII'OM ATI D.t:. MuRKAYiA, Castelnau. M. iiunthcri, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 61, 1872. Macleay Cat. 121. Loc. — Murray R , Castelnau, l.c. M. cyprinoides, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 62, 1872. Macleay Cat. 122. Loc. — Murray R , Castelnau, 1 c. Vernacular name — Murray Carp. M. bramoidi'3, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 63, 1872. Macleay Cat. 123. Loc. — Murray R., Castelnau, l.c. Vernacular name — Murray Bream. M. riverina, Krefl't, P.Z.S., p. 943, 1867. Macleay Cat. 124. Loc. — Murray and tributaries, Macleay, l.c. iRivERtNA, Castelnau.) [R.fluriatilis, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p, 64, 1872.) Macleay Cat. 137. Loc. — One specimen, Murray R., Castelnau, I.e. Therapon, Cuvier. T. richardsoni, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 60, 1872. Macleay Cat. 138. Loc. — Murray R, Castelnau, I.e. Vernacular name — Murray Silver Perch. T. niger, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p 59, 1872. Macleay Cat. 139. Loc. — Murray H., rare, Castelnau, l.c. Vernacular name — Murray Black Perch. HiSTioPTERUS, Kichardsou. H. recurvirostris, Kichardsou, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 34, 1846. Macleay Cat. 156. Vernacular name — Boar-fish. H. labiosiis, Gunther, P Z.S. p 658, 1871. Macleay Cat. 157. Figured, P.Z.S. 1871, pi. 59. Loc. — Western Port and Port Phillip, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 112. 30 KllOK PEKC.'ll. Gkrrks, Ciivier. 6'. me/honniensis, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, ]>. 158, \li"2 Macleay Cat 173 Loc. — Victorian seas, Castelnau, 1 c. FAMILY NANUID.*. Kri'i'Ei.iA, Castelnau. A*. /rrulonfEoTEPHK(EOP.s, Castelnau. N. zebra, Richardson, Voy. Erebu.s and Terror, p. 70, 1846. Giinther Cat. I, p. 432 : Macleay Cat. 239. Loc — PaMim. Vernacular name— Xelirn-fish. Paiirus, Cnvier. /*. niiii'olor, Cuv. et Val., Poissons V'l, p. 162, 1830. Giinther Cat. I, p. 4()8 ; Macleay Cat. 2.55. Loc. — Port Phillip, and off south coast. Vernacular na^me—Srhiuipprr or Snappier. Chrtsophkys, Cnvier. C. aiLitirilix, Giinther Cat. I. \i. 494, 1S59. Macleay Cat. 259. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. \'ict., pi. 4; (Ulnther Cat. pi. 28. Loc. — Pasxim. Vernacular name — Bream. (Haplohactylus, Cuv. et Val.) H. maaiulratiis, Solander (Richardson), T.Z.S. Ill, p. 8.3, 1849. Macleay Cat. Sup. 1161. Loc. — Hohson's I5ay, Kltuizinger, Archiv. f. Naturg , xxxviii. family rIKKIIITIIl.-f:. Chironemu.s, Cuv. et Val. C. marinorafii-^, Giinther L'at. II, p. 76, 1860. Macleay Cat, 263. Loc. — Victorian seas, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 73. V^ernacular natne -Kf/p-^fish. CriiLODACTYH's, Cuvier. C. inner opt erua, Ricliardson. P.Z.S. p. 62, 1850. Giinther Cat. II, p. 78 ; Macleay Cat. 267. Syn. — C. aspersns, Richardson. (Johnston, Repent of Royal Commission on Fisheries of Tas- mania, 1883.) Loc— Off south coast, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. 1. p. 74. C n/;;r?Vo.n.<, Richardson, P.Z.S. p. 63, 18.50. Giinther Cat. II, p. 79 ; Macleay Cat. 269. Loc. — Passim . Vernacular name — BiUUr-flsh. 31 SAILINfJ BOAT WITH UTTER TKAWL. CHiLOnACTYLiJS, Cuvier - rnntiniinl. C. carponemuK, Cuv. et Val. V, p. 362. 1830. Ounther Cat. II, p. 78 ; Maclcay Cat. 'itiG. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 173, 174. Loc. — Port Phillip Heads, rare. C. ijMoswi, Richardson, T.Z.S. Ill, p. 102, 1849. Giiuther Cat. II, p. 84 ; Macleay Cat. 271. Figured, P.Z.S., 1850, pi. 2. Loc. — Victorian, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Viot. I, p. 75. Vernacular name — Magpie Pfrch. G. specfabi/is, Hiitton, Fishes of N.Z., p. 8, 1872. Macleay Cat. 272. Loc. — Port Phillip, Macleay, I.e. (C nebulosux, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. Natnrg., xxxA'iii, 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1104. Loc. — Queeuscliff, Port Pliillip, KUuizinger, I.e. Latris, Richardson. L. hecatei, Richardson, P.Z.S., p. 99, 1839. Giinther Cat. II, p. 86 : Macleay Cat. 276. Figured, T.Z.S. Ill, pi. 6. Loc. — Bass Straits, occasionally in Hobson's Bay, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 77. Vernacular name — Hohart Town Trumiflrr. i. /ora^fW, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I. p. 77, 1872. Macleay Cat. 278. Loc. — *' Said to be common on Gippsland coast,'* Castelnau, I.e. Vernacular name — Ba.'itard Triimppier. Latris, Richardson — cotilinwd. (L. bi/iiieala, Ciistehmu, P.Z.S. Viet. I. p. 79, 1872. Macleay Cat. 279. Loc. — One specimen from Western Port, Castelnau, I.e. {L. iiinriiota, Castelnau, P Z.S. Vict. I, p. 79, 1872.) Macleay Clat. 280. Loc. — One -specimen from Western Poit, Castelnau, I.e. (L.iOEPEDiA, Castelnau.) {L. calaphracia, Castelnau, P.Z.IS. Vict. II, p. 43, 1873.) Macleay Cat. 281. Loc. -One specimen, stuffed, Castelnau, I.e. FAMJLV St'JRP.l?Nin.t:. Sebastes, Cuv. et Val. .S'. percoidex, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p 23, 1846. Giinther Cat. II, p. 101 : Macleay Cat. 282. Figured, Voy. Krebns and Terror, pi 15 ; McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 33. Loc. — Port Phillip, Macleay, l.c; Vernacular name — Gurnet. S. allporti, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 40, 1873. Macleay Cat. 283. Loo. — Victorian seas, Castelnau, l.c. 32 ■^^ .SALMON TKOir. St'oKP.KNA, Artedi. S. crueiila, Solaiuler, A M.N.H., I\, p. 217, 1842. flunthei- Cat. II, p. 112 ; Macleay Cat. 284. Syn. — 'S'. mi/ilarix, Rk-liardson, Voy. Erelius and Tenor, p. 22. Loo. — Port Phillip, Macleay. 1-f- Vernacular name — Heil liork Cod. Cestkopooon, (Jiinther. C. xrorpo'uoide.'', (inichennt, Mrm. Sof. Imp. des Si:i. Nat., Cherbourg. Macleay Cat- 2!t8. Syn. — C. (luslfnlix, Castelnau, P.Z..S. Vict. I, p. 81. Vernacular name -Gwii't. Pextaroge, (iiinther. P. marmomla, t'uv etVal., Poissons IV, p. 416, 1829. Ciinther Cat. II, p. 132 ; Macleay Cat. 300. F.AMILV TErTllIIiK. Teuthis, Linnieus. T. jaru.-!, L. Syst. Nat. I, p. 507. (Jiinther Cat. III. p. 315; Macleay Cat. :(( IK. Loc. — H<)V)3on's Bay, Macleay, I.e. Division II. — Acantiku'TERYch liK.RvriFcuiMKs. None recorded. DiVISIIlN III. — .^CANTHOPTEKYCII Kl UTIKOKMES. None recorded. Division IV. — Ac'anthoptekygii Polynemikormes. None recorded. DiVISIO.N V. — ACANTHOPTEKYHII Sl'I.ENIFORMES. FAMILY S('l.t:.Ml).*:. S(!I-«NA, CuV. S. untarclka, Casteluau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 100, 1872. Macleay Cat 329. Syn — Probably, Corrinn niilnrctira, Steindachner, Sitzungsl>. ak. Wiss. Wien, 18(j6 Loc — Occasional visitor in Bass Straits, Castelnau, 1 c. Vernacular name Kiiiif ri'sft,. Division V1.-Acanthoptery(;ii Xiphiiformes. None recorded. Division VII. — Ac.^nthopteryuii Triihuriformes. FAMILY TRIl'HIURID.t;. Thyrsitk.s, Cuv. et Val. T. ritun. Cuv. et Val, Poissons VIII, p. 196, 1831. Giinther Cat II, p 350: Macleay Cat .3.36. Syii. — Scomher (ifmi, Vetensk Acad, xii ; T. tt/firt/is, Ricluirdson. P.Z.S , 1839 Figured, Cuv. et Val., Poissons, pi. 219; McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi 44. Loc. — Off south coast ; Bass Straits. Vernacular name — BS'. tapnno-cephalux, Bleeker, .Japan, p. 407, 1858.) Giinther Cat. II, p. 361 ; Macleay Cat. Sup. 1188. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Kliinzinger. Thy'nnus, Cuv. et Val. T. mccoyi, Castelnau, I'.Z.S. Vict. I., p. 104, 1872. Macleay, Cat. 396. Syn. — T. thy linns L. (McCoy). Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. pi. 44. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Portland, Bass Straits, Queens- cliff, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Tunny. 34 li.ulNriKK TAKKN ItV KoNTi-EN I'KCM (Pelamvs, (Juv. et Val.) {P. srhlr,/i/u, McCoy, Pro.lr. Zdol. Vict. 1888) Syn.~ Perhaps P. orieiilalix, Sclilegcl (McCoy). Figured, McCoy, Prodr. '/mo\. Vict" pi. l.V) Loc. — Only one specimen caught in Port Phillip 15ay, 1877, McCoy, I.e. (CVBIITM, Cuv ) [C comi/wrioiiii. Lac^p. Hist, des Poisson.s TI. p. i.\NEN, ak.'M.\]>aIj1;. SlI.LACO, Cuv. — ciiniinueii. {S. inarulata, Quoy et Gaim. , E.xj). Freycinet Zool., p. 261, 18.34.) Giinther Cat. II, p. 245 ; Macleay Cat 412. Figured, t^. et G., I.e., pi. 53. Loc — Seen only onee, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 94. (Bovii'UTHTs, Cuv. et Val.) (/)'. rarieqatus, Richardson, Voy. Erelms and Terror, p. 56, 1846.") (Uinther Cat. II, p. 2.50 ; Macleay Cat. 419. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. 34. Loc. — One dried specimen from Hobsf)n's Bay, Cas- telnau, P.Z..S. Vict. II, p. 45. FAMILY rEDIlTI.ATI. Chironbctes, Cuvier. C. hifnraitux, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., Decade 13, 1886. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 123. Loc— Port Phillip, McCoy, I.e. FAMILY COTTINA. PLATYCEPHAUrs, Bl. (P. Kperiilator, Kliinzinger. Archiv. f. Naturg., 1872.) Macleay, Cat. Sup. 1197. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Kliinzinger. /'. haxw-imx, Cuv. et Val., Poissons IV, p. 247, 1829. (iiinther Cat II, p. 1879 ; Macleay Cat. 444. Syn. — /'. tciitjHaiiius, Richardson, Voy. Krebus and Terror, jj. 23. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. IS. Loc— Port Phillip. Vernacular name — F/at/itcul, 35 MURRAY TKRCH. PlatycephALUS, B1. — miilinued. P.fuscw^, Cuv. et Val., Poissons IV, p. 241, 1829. Macleay, Cat. 445. Figured, Voy. Astrolabe, pi. 10. Loc— Port Phillip. Vernacular name — Grasn Flathead. P. lavigatu.^, Cuv. et Val., Poissons IV, p. 24.3, 1829. Gunther Cat. II, p. 179 : Macleay Cat. 446. Loc. -Port Phillip, Western Port. Vernacular name — A*ot'^" Flathe(td. {P. proximus, Castelnau, F.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 85, 1872.) Macleay Cat. 447. Loc. — Only seen once in Melbourne market, Castel- nau, 1 c. P. rkhardsoni, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 82, 1872. Macleay Cat. 448. P. grandis, Castelnau sp., P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 87, 1872. Maeleay Cat. 457. Syn. — Neoplatycephalun r/randis, Castelnau, I.e. Lepidotrigla, Giinther. (X. phalana, Cuv. et Val , Poissons IV. p. 8.3, 1829.) Ciunther Cat. II, p. 197 ; Macleay Cat. 459. Loc. — Melbourne, Giinther (quoted by Macleay, I.e.) [L. »phynx, Cuv. et Val., Poissons. IV, p. 83, 1829.) Giinther Cat. II, p. 197 ; Macleay Cat. 460. Loc. — One specimen,'Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 89. L. Vanessa, Richardson, Trans. Z.S. Ill, 1849. Giinther Cat. II., p. 197 ; Macleay Cat. 461. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi 5. Loc. — Hobson's Bay. Vernacular name — Butterfly Giniiard. Triola, Artedi. T. kumu, Less, and Garn. , Voy. de la Coquille, Poissons, pi. 19, 1826-.30. Giinther Cat. II, p. 204 ; Macleay Cat, 463. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 6. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Kumu Gurnard. T. polyommata, Richardson, T Z S. Ill, p. 96, 1839. Giinther Cat. II, p. 204 ; Macleay Cat. 464. Figured, Richardson, T.Z.S. Ill, pi. 5. Vernacular name — Flying Gurnard. Division IX. — Acanthopterygii Gobiiformes. FAMILY aOBIID^. GoBius, Artedi. ((?. bifrenalus, Kner., Voy. Novara, Fishes, p. 177, 1868.) Maeleay Cat. 476. Syn, — G. bassensis, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 123. Figured, Voy. Novara, pi. 7 Loc. — Only seen once, Castelnau, I.e. G. castelnaui, Macleay Cat. 477, 1881. Loc. —Hobson's Bay, Castelnau, I.e., p. 124. [G. pictus, Castelnau, PZ.S. Viet. I, p. 124, 1872.) Macleay Cat. 479. Loc— One .specimen, Castelnau, I.e., p. 124. G. pulchellus, Castelnau, P.Z S. Vict. I, p. 125, 1872. Macleay Cat. 481. Loc. — Western Port, Castelnau, I.e. {G. caudalus, Castelnau, P.Z.S, Vict II, p 47, 1873.) Macleay Cat. 481. Loc— Apparently only one specimen. See Castel- nau, I.e. {G. nebula piinrtatus, Cuv. et Val., Poissons XII, p. 58, 1837.) Giinther Cat. Ill, p. 26 ; Macleay Cat Sup. 1203. Loc. — King George's Sound and Victoria, Kliinzinger. Eleotris, Gronov. E. nudiceps, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 126, 1872. Macleay Cat. 520. Loc. — Very common in Lower Yarra, Castelnau, I.e. Vernacular name — Big-head, Castelnau. (E. cyprinoides, Cuv. et Val. , Poissons XII, p. 248, 18.37 ) Giinther Cat. Ill, p 118 ; Macleay Cat. Sup. 1206. Figured, Klunzinger, Sitzb. k. Ak. Wiss., Wien., 1879, pi. 5. Loc. — Murray River, Kliinzinger, I.e. Calliontmus, L. (C. calauropomus, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror. p. 10, 1846.) Giinther Cat. Ill, p. 147 ; Macleay Cat, 540. Figured, Voy, Erebus and Terror, pi. 7. Loc. — One specimen from Hobson's Bay, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 49. 3fi HOLEXENUS OUTANEUS. Callioxymcs, L. — continued. O. papiUo, Glinther, A.M.N.H. XIV, p. 107, 1S64. Macleay Cat. 541. Syn. — C. ocelli/cr, Castelnau, r.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 49. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Castt-lnau. Division" X. — AcANTHoPTERViai Blenniiformes. FAMILY BLENNIID.K. (Salari.\s, Ciiv. et Val. ) (S. muUeri, Klunzinger, Sitzh. J. k. Ak. Wiss., Wien., p. 388, 1879.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1"215. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Kllinzinger, I.e. Clinus, Cuv. C. despidllatus, Richardson, Zool. Joiii-n., p. 90, bSSft. Giiuther ('at.. III. p. 271 : Macleay Oat. .572. Figmed, T.Z.S III, pt. G. Loc. —Recorded as Victorian by Castclnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 120. (C marinora1u.i, Kbinzinger, Arcliiv. f. Natiirg , 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1217, Loc. — Port Phillip, Kliinzinger, I.e. Cristiceps, Cuv. et Val. C. howittii, Castelnaii, P.Z S. Vict II, p. 4S, 1S73. Macleay Cat .')82. Loc — Western Port, Ca.stelnau, I.e. C. robtisliis, Oiinther, A.M.N.H. X.X, p. r>2, 1S()7. Macleay Cat. 583. Loc. — Melbourne, Giintlicr, I.e. C. mu/ti/'enKstra/ufi, C«slelnau, P.Z..S. \'ict. I, p. l.'Sl, 1S72; II, p 4S, 1S73. Macleay Cat. 586. (C. amrvniw:, Castelnau. PZ.S. Vict. II, p. 48, 1873.) Macleay Cat. 587. Loc. — One specimen, Victorian, Ca.stelnau, 1 c. (C forsteri, Castelnau P.Z S. Vict. 1, p. 1:W, 1872 ) Macleay Cat 588. Loc. — One specimen, Melbourne, Castelnau, I.e. (C trislis, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. Naturg,, 1872.) Macleay Cat. iSup. 1218. Loo. — Murray R. , Kliinzinger, I.e. DiVISIOK XI. — MnOILIFORMES. F.AMILY SPHYK.ENIIi.t:. Sphyb.-ena. Artedi. S nofce holkiiidiir, (iiinther Cat. II, p. .335, 1860. Macleay Cat. 603. Loc. — Passim. Vernacular name — Pike. Lanioperca, Giinther. L morda.r, Giinther, A.M.N.H., X. p. 183. 1872. Macleay Cat. 60S Syn -Di'iio/i'stes miilk-ri, Kliinzinger; Neosphyratna m uitiradiata, Castelnau. figured, McCov. Prodr. Zool. Viet., pi. 115. L jc -Port Phillip. famii-y athekinid.*. Atherinichthys, Bleeker. A. modnsta, Castelnau, PZS. Vict. I. p, 136, 1872. Macleay Cat. 620. Loc. — Hobson's Bay and Lower Yarra, Castelnau A. picid, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict I, p. 137, 1872, Macleay Cat. 622. Loe — Capt. .Synnot's Dock, Lower Yarra, Castelnau. A. cephalotes, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 137, 1872. Macleay Cat. 623. Loe. — Hobson's Bay, Castelnau. (Athemnosoma, Castelnau.) (.4. iwrt.r, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 138, 1872.) Macleay Cat. 627. Loe. — One specimen from Cape Schauek, Castelnau,! c_ FAMILY MUGILID^. MrGiL. Artedi. i.yf. jieroiiii, Cuv. et A'al., I'oissons II, p. 138, 18.36.) Macleay Cat. 635. Loc. — One specimen from Western Port, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Viet. II, p. 151. M. grandis, Castelnau, P.L.S. N.S.W. Ill, p. 386, 1879. Macleay Cat. 629. hoc — J'assim. Vernacular nume— Sand Midlel. (M. gelatinosux, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. X'aturg, 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1225. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Klunzinger, 1 c. 37 THE LUDRICK. AfiONosTOMA, Giinther. A. diemensis, Richardson, Zool. Trans. Ill, p. 123, 1849. Giinther Cat. Ill, p. 465 ; Macleay Cat. 641. Syn. — A.forster'i, Bleeker. Loc. — Passim. Vernacular name — Mullet. A. lneu.itris, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 142, 1872. Macleay Cat. 642. Loc. — Gippsland Lakes. Myxu.s, Giinther. M. elonrjatus, Gunther, P.L.S. N.S.W. IV, p. 426. 1879. Giinther Cat. Ill, p. 466 : Macleay Cat. 64.3. Loc — ^Hobson's Bay, (iiinther. I.e. Division XII. — Acahthoptbhygii Gasterosteiformes. None recorded. DIVISIO^^ XIII. — Acanthopteryoii C'entrlsciform es. None recorded. Division XIV.— Acanthopterygii Gobiesociformes. None recorded. Division XV. — Acanthopterycui Channiformes. None recorded. Division XVI. — Acanthopterygii T^niipormbs. family TBACHYPTERID.E. (Regalecus, Briinn.) (ff. bant'iii, Cuv. et Val., Poissons, X, p. 365, 1835.) Giinther Cat. Ill, p. .309. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool., pi. 145. Loc. — Bass Straits, one specimen, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name— Oar Fi>^h : probably Sea Serpent, McCoy. Trac'hypteku.s, Gouan. T. tcenia, Bl. Schn., p. 480, 1801. Giinther Cat. Ill,, p. 302. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 122. Loc. — Portland, McCoy. Division XVII. — Acanthoptebyoii Notacanthiformes. None recorded. OKDER ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNUOGNATHI. FAMILY POMACENTKID.I;. Glyphisodon, Cuvier. O. victoria; Giinther, A.M.N.H. II, p. 116, 1862 (XI, 1873, p. 115). Macleay Cat. 676. Vernacular name — Rock Perch. FAMILY LAERID^. Labric'hthys, Bleeker. Vernacular name — Wrasses, or Parrot-fish. [L. p.nttacula, Richardson, P.Z.S., p. 26,' 1840.) Gtinther Cat. IV, p 114 ; Macleay Cat. 696. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. 56; Giinther Cat. pi, 59. Loc. — Only one specimen, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II. p. 52. L. laticlavius, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 128, 1846. Gunther Cat. IV, p. 115; Macleay Cat. 698. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 163. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. L. bleekeri, Castelnau, P.Z.S., Vict. I, p. 148, 1872. Macleay Cat. 705. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 134. Loc— Port Phillip. L. ric/iardsoni, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 1.50, 1872. Macleay Cat. 706. Loc — Port Phillip. L. ephippium, Giinther A.M.N.H. XI, p. 116, 1863. Macleay Cat. 707. Syn. — L. vestita, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 151, 1872. Loc -Port Phillip. [L. CHvieri, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 53, 1873.) Macleay Cat. 708. Loc.^One specimen, Phillip Island, Castelnau, I.e. (Heteroscarus, Castelnau.) {H. marleayi, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., Decade 17, 1888.) Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 164. Loc. — One specimen from Portland, McCoy, I.e. 38 I I|)A\, Ciiv. et. \';il. 0. ri'hardiiotii, (Uinther Cat. IV, p. 241, 1SG2. Giinther Cat. IV. p. 241 ; Macleay Cat. ~ii:i. Loc. — Po.vW/H. Vernacular name — fftrnni/n: 0. nhsrvriis, Ca.stelnau, I'.Z.S. Vict. I, |i. I."i4. 1.S72. Macleay Cat. 75t). Oi.lsTHEROi-s, Richardson. 0. cyanomdas, Richardson, .A..M.N.H., ji. 291, 1851. (i'unther Cat. IV, p. 24:}: Macleay Cat. 760. ORDER AN.\C.\NTHINI. F.\MILY UADOPSIDJ:. (;.\Dopsis, Richardson. (J. mnrmoratn/i, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 122, 184(1. Gunther, Cat. 4, p. 318 ; Macleay Cat. 76:i. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. ,')9. Loc. — Pansim, Victorian streams, especially south of Dividing Range. Vernacular ua.me—B/dcl.'-Jixli. LoTELL.i, Kaup. L. cullarias, Giinther, A.M. N.H., p. IKi, 1863. Macleay Cat. 700. Figured, McCoy. Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 19. Loc. —Port Phillip, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Small-scaled Roik Cod. P.SEUDOPHTCis, Giinther. P. barbalus, Gunther, .X.M.N.H., p. IHi, IsiiS. Macleay Cat. 7(>n. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 20. Loc. — Passim. Vernacular name — h'ork- Coil. (Physiculus, Kaup ) (/'. palmotus, Kliinziuger, Archiv. f. Naturg., .s.x.wiii, 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup 1244, Loc. — Port Phillip, Kliinzinger. FAMILY (IPHUIIID.*. Genypterus, Philippi. G. auslratis, Castelnau, P.Z S , Vict. I, p ll)4. 1872. Macleay Cat. 771. Syn. — G. ligerinus, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f Naturg., 1872 Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict,, pi, 27. Loc. — Passim. Vernacular name — RochUng. FAMILY PLKrKONIiCTIU.if;. (PsEfDORHOMBrs, Bleeker.) (P. nmUeri, Kliinzinger, Archiv f. Xaturg , xxxviii, 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup, 1247. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Klunzinger, I.e. Rhomeosolea, Giinther. A'./R.wi*.v, (iiinther, A.M.N. H. II, p. 117, 1863. Macleay Cat. 788. Loc. — Port Phillip, Giinther. R. Ija.'^.iciislx, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. Ili7, 1872. Macleay, Cat. 789. Loc. — Passim Vernacular name — Sole. R. ricforiir,* Castelnau sp , P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 168, 1872 Macleay Cat. 790. Loc — t^ass'in. Vernacular name — Flounder. (iKl)ER IV. -PHYSOSTOMI. FAMILY .SILUUID.fi. Copiiioi:lanis, Ciiinther. C Tandaiius, Mitchell Exp. I, p. 95, 2nd ed., 1839. (liinther Cat. V, p 26 ; Macleay Cat. 806. Figured, Mitchell Exp., pi 6, Loc. — Murray R. and tributaries. Vernacular name — Mm-ray C'al-Jinh. F.\MILY' HAPLOCHIT0NID.fi. Prototroi'Tes, Gunther. P. marima, Gunther Cat. V, p. 382, 1864. Macleay Cat. 824. Loc. — Southern rivers of Victoria, formerly in Yarra. Vernacular name — Yarra HirTintj. Fa.MILY St'llPBLID.fi. AULOPIS, Cuv. A. pvrpurissaliiji, Richardson, Icon. Pise., p. 6, 1843. Giinther Cat. V, p. 403 ; Macleay Cat. 832. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 54, 5.5. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Stnjeant Baker (at Sydney). FAMILY O.iLAXlD.fi. Galaxias, Cuv. G. (lUtnualus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 121, 1.S42. Giinther Cat. VI, p. 210 ; Macleay Cat. 843. Figured, Zool. Beagle, pi. 22. Syn. — G. "i-rihj, Ricliardson, Voy. Ei'cbus and Terror, yi. 75 : 6'. mactdalus, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 76. Loc. — Very common in Lower Yarra, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 177. Vernacular name — Yarra Oudgemi. NOTB. — Prof. McCoy considers .R. mctorw. Ca.stelnau = i}. rfegOTdw, Gunther. 39 Galaxias, Cu v. — con till u ed. G. ocellatus, McCoy, Internat. Exch. Essays, p. 14, 1866-7. Macleay Cat. 852. Loc. — R. Yarra. Vernacular name — Yarri Trout. G. ci/linHricus, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 177, 18V'2. Macleay Cat. 8.53. Loc. — R. Yarra, Ca.stelnau, I.e. G. ilelicatulus, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict I. p. 178, 1872. Macleay Cat. 854. Loc. — R. Yarra, Castelnau, I.e. G. a;n«nKs-, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Viet. I, p. 178, 1872. Macleay Cat. 855. Loc. — R. Yarra, Castelnau, I.e. {G. vtrsicolor, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Viet. I, p. 176, 1S72.) Macleay Cat. 856. Loc— One specimen from marsh near St. Kilda, Castelnau, I.e. G. oniatus, Castelnau, P.Z S. Vict. II, p. 15.3, 1873. Macleay Cat. 857. Loc — Cardinia Creek, Castelnau. (G. rostratus, Kliinzinger, Areliiv. f. Naturg , p. 41, 1872.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1265. Loc. — Murray R. , Kliinzinger, I.e. (G. obtusus, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. Naturg., p. 41, 1872. ) Loc. — Yarra Lagoon, Kliinzinger, 1 c. F.4MILY SCOMBRESOCin.t:. SCOMBRESOX. Lac^p. S.forsteri, Cuv et Val. XVIII, p, 481, 1846. Giinther Cat. VI, p. 258 ; Macleay Cat. 866. Syn. — 6\ siiurus (Bloch sp.), var. Jorsten (Cuv. et Val.), according to McCoy. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict , pi. 135. Hemiramphus, Cuvier. H. iiitermediun, Cant., A.M.N.H. IX, p. 485, 1842. Gunther Cat. VI, p. 260 ; Macleay Cat 867. Syn. — H. iiielaiKic/tir, Cuv. et Val. Figured, MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. pi. 135. Vernacular name — Gar -fish. FAMILY CVrRINID.H. Neocarassius, Castelnau. N. ventricosus, Castelnau, P.Z..S., Vict. I, p. 237, 1872. Macleay Cat. 881. Loc. — Saltwater R., Castelnau, I.e. FAMILY .«. PEfi.\srs, L. P. lancifer, Kaup. Wiegm. Arcliiv., p. 117, 1868. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 149 ; Macleay Cat. 946. Loc. — Port Phillip, not uncommon. OKDEK V. LOPHOBK.ANCHII. F.^MrLY SYNGNATHID.t:. Group St/nguathina. SvNGNATHn.<;, Artedi. S. semifasciatus, Gunther Cat. Vlll, p. 1()2, 1870. (iunther Cat, ^'III, p 162 : Macleay Cat. 947. Syn. — i'. semislriatiis, Kaup (Macleay). Loc— Port Phillip. Vernacular name — Pipe-fish^ [S. carella, Klunzinger, Sitzb. iler K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, p. 419, 1879.) Macleay Cat. Sup. 1281. Loc. — Port Philli)). Klunzinger, Arohiv. f. Naturg., 1872. Urocamphs, Giinther. U. cariniriiitris, Castelnau, V.7,S. "^'iet. I. p. 200, 1872. Macleay Cat. 961. Loe. — Port Philliii. Castelnau, I.e. (Lki'Tohhthvs, Kaup. ) {L. fislulaiiiis, Kaiip, Lophobr., p. 51.) Gunther Cat. VIII. p. 187 ; Macleay Cat. 962. Loc— Port Phillip, Kliinzinger, Archiv;-4. Xaturg., 1872. Stigmatophora. Kaup. S. arqiis, Richardson,. T.Z.S. Ill, p. 183, 1849. Gunther Cat. VIII, p, 189 Macleay Cat. 965. Figured, T.Z.S. Ill, pi. 7. Loc. — Sandridge (specimens in Melbourne Museum). .S. iiiqni, Kaup, Lophobr., p. 53 (iunther Cat. VIII. p. 190; Macleay Cat 966 Loc— Sandridge (specimens in Melbourne Museum). Group Hipporampiua. (Gastkgtokei'.s, Kaup.) G. jraciWs, Klunzinger, Archiv. f Naturg., p. 44, 1872. Loc. — Port Phillip, Klunzinger, I.e. (Solenognathus, Kaup.) .V. sitiiHisissimiis, (liinthei' Cat. VIII. p 195, 1870. (iunther Cat. VIII. p. 195 : Macleay Cat. 973. Loo. — Port Phillip, Kliinzinger, I.e. Phyllopteryx, Kaup. P. fulialus, Shaw, (ieu. Zool. V. p. 4.56, 1803. (iiinther Cat. VIII. p. 196 ; Macleay Cat. 974. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. pi. 65. Loc. — Passim. ^'ernacular name — Sea-draynn. HuTucAMprs, Leach. H. ahdominalis, Kaup, Lophobr., p. 17. (iiinther Cat. VIII, 199; Macleay Cat. 978 Loc. — Port Phillip. Klunzinger. .7. Bracebridge Wilson dredged it outside the Heads, 18SS. Vernacular name. — Sea-horse^ II. breviceps, Peters, Monatsber, ak. Wiss., Berlin, p. 7111, 1869. (iiinther ( at. VIII. p. 200; Macleay Cat. 980. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 65. Loc. — J'assim. Vernacular name — Short-headed Sea-horse^ //. iiuea: hollaiidiie, Steind. . Sitzungsb. Ak. Wiss, Wien, p. 474, 186(i. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 201 ; Macleay Cat. 982. Loc— Port Phillip. Macleay. Vernacular name — Sea-horse. {H. trisiis, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 197, 1872.) Macleay Cat. 983. Loc. — t)ne specimen from Port Phillip, Castelnau, I.c 41 KONTGEN RAY PHOTOGRAPH OF SCHNAPPKR. ORDKR VI. — PLECTOGNATHI. FAMILY SCLF.RODEKMI. MoNACANTHUS, Cuvier (Leather Jackets). M. hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uran. Zool. , p. 212, 1824. Giinther Cat. VIII., p. 2-16: Macleay Cat. 992. Syn. — Aleuterius viiriahilis, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 67. Figured, Voy. Krelnis and Terror, pi. 53 ; McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 125. (M. convexiroatrix, (iiinther Cat. VIII. p, 248, 1870.) Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 248 ; Macleay Cat. 994. Loo. — Port Phillip, Hobson's Bay, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. Naturg., 1872. M. t/ilntheri, Macleay Cat. 998, 18. Syn. — At. tieiimii, (ninther Cat. VIII, p- 249. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 143. Loc. — Port Phillip Heads, Warrnambool, McCoy, I.e. M. biouni, Richardson, sp. , Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1846. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. pl. 124. Loc. — Bass Straits, McCoy. [M. 7iiaculosus, liichardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 67, 1846.) Macleay Cat. 1001. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pl. 39 ; HoUard, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 1854, pl. 14. Loc. — Port Phillip, KliinziDger, Archiv. f. Naturg., xxxviii. (M. forsteri, Castelnau, P.Z .S. Vict. I. p. 204, 1872.) Macleay Cat. 1005. Loc. — One specimen, Castelnau, I.e. (M.prasinus, Castelnau, P.Z S. Vict. I, p. 20."), 187-'.) Macleay Cat. 1006. Loc. — Only seen once, Castebiau, I.e. MoNACANTHUS, C'uvier (Leather Jackets) — continued. (M. baudini, Castelnau, PZ.S. Vict. IL p 55, 1873.) Macleay Cat. 1007. Loc. — One specimen from coast of Victoria, Castelnau, I.e. {M. lesiieurii, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 56, 1873) Macleay Cat. 1008. Loc. — One specimen from Western Port, Castelnau, I.e. M. Miictijuanni, Castelnau, P.L.S. N.S.W. II, p. 246, 1877. Macleay Cat. 1012. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, Castelnau, I.e. (M.granulatus, White, Voy. N.S.W., p 295, 1790.) Giinther Cat. VIII. p 243; Macleay Cat. 1019. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pl. 40. Loc— Port Phillip, Kliinzinger, Archiv. f. Naturg., xxxviii. M. rudis, Richardson, Voy. Erelius and Terror, p. 65, 1846. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 244 ; Macleay Cat. 1020, Loc. — Bass Straits, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 54. M. froxxidus, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 68, 1846. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 234 ; Macleay Cat. 1025. Loc. — Victoria, Macleay, I.e. OsTRACiON, Artedi. 0. auritus, Shaw, T.Z.S. Ill, p. 100, 1849. Giinther Cat. VIII, p 266 ; Macleay Cat. 1036. Figured, T.Z.S. III.pl 9. Loc— Port Phillip, Phillip I. 0. nmmiu.-i, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 207, 1872. Macleay Cat. 1039. Loc— Port Phillip. 42 OIPPSLAND PERCH. FAMILY OTMNODONTES. Tetrodon, Bibr. T. hamiltoni, Richartlson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, J). 63, 1846. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 280 ; Macleay Cat. 1045. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. 39. Loo.— Port Phillip. Vernacular name — 7oad-Ji-^h. (T. rkhii, Fr(^minv, Nouv. Bull. Philoni. II, p. 250.) Giinther Cat VIII, p. 285 ; Macleay Cat. 1046. Figured, Bleeker, Atlas, pi. 9. Loc. — Port Phillip, KUiuzinger, Arcliiv. f, Naturg., xxxviii. T. hispldiii, L. Syst. Nat. I, p. 411. Gunther Cat. VIII, p. 297 ; Macleay Cat, 1053. DioDON, Linnsus. D. spinosissimus, Cuv. Mem. Mus., p. 134, 1818. Gunther Cat. VIII, p. 307 ; Macleay Cat. 1060. Loc. —Port Phillip, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 2. D. blochii, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 210, 1872. Macleay Cat. 1062. Log.— Port Phillip, Castelnau, I.e. Vernacular name — Purrvpmf-fsh. (CHILOMTCTERUS, Bibr.) (C. janiiiferus, Cuv. Mem. Mus., p. 130. 1818.) Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 313; Macleay Cat. 1063. Loc. — One specimen from Hobson's Bay, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. 211. Ortihgoriscus, Bloch., Syst. Ichthy. 01. (Schneider), p. 510, 1801. 0. mola, L. Gunther Cat. VIII, p. 317 ; Macleay Cat. 1063. Vernacular name — Sun -fish. SUBCLASS II.— PAL.SIGHTHYES. OEDEE I. G.\NOIDI.a;. None recorded. OBDEE II. — CHONDBOPTEEYGII. FAMILY CnlM.ERID.E. CALLORHrNona, Gronovius. C aniarcllrnx, Lacepode Hist. Poissons I, p. 400, 17£ Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 351 ; Macleay Cat. 1070. Syn. — C. ptroiiii, Dum. C, (apenaix, Dum. C. atixtraliii, .Sliaw and Owen. C tasitiaiiiux, Richardson. Loc. — Port Phillip Heads and .S. coast. Vernacular name — Elephant Shark. FAMILY C.iRCHARIID*:. (C'archarias, Cuvier.) (C. nudanopteruji, Muller and Henle, p. 4.3, 1841.) Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 369 : Macleay Cat. 1077. Loc. — One specimen from Hobson's Bay, McCoy. Galeus, Cuvier. O. anstralix, Macleay Cat. 1079, 1880. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 64. Loc. — Paxxim. Vernacular name. — Tope. ZrG.a;NA, Cuvier. Z. tytalleu-'!, .Shaw, Nat. Misc. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 381 ; Macleay Cat. 1080. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 56. Loc. — Port I'hillip. Vernacular name — Hdinmrr-hcaditi Shurl;. MiSTELUS, Cuvier. M. aniorclicu-i, Giinther Cat. VIII, p. Macleay Cat. 1081. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., Loc. — Pansim. Vernacular name — Smooth-huund Qiimmy. .38 1870. pi. 87. FAMILY LAMNIDiE. Carciiarodon, Muller and Henle. C. romldetii, Muller and Henle, p. 70, 1841. Gunther C,a.t. VIII, p. 392 ; Macleay Cat. 1083. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 74. Loc. - Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — White Shark, 43 THB AUSTRALIAN AULOPFS. Odohtaspis, Agassiz. 0. ameriramis, Mitch, sp., Phil, and Lit. Trans. New York I, p. 483. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 392 ; Macleay Cat. 1084. Syn. — O. taurtts, Miiller and Henle, p. 73. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 64. Loe. — Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. Alopecias, Muller and Henle. A. oulpfs, L. Syst. Nat. Cuv. Omelin I, p. 1496, 1788. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 393 ; Macleay Cat. 108.i. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 88. Loc— Hastings, McCoy, I.e.; Queenseliif, J. Brace- bridge Wilson. Vernacular name — Thresher Shark. F.iMILY .•<0TIDANID^. Notidanu.s, Cuvier. N. indicus, Cuvier, Rt^gne Animal, 183(1. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 398 ; Macleay Cat. 1086. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Viet., pi. 43. Loe.— Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. FAMILV SCYLLID^. PaRjv.scyllium, Gill. p. nurhcde, McCoy, A.M.N.H. XIII, p. 15, 1874. Macleay Cat. 1090. Figured, McCoy, I.e., pi. 2. Loe.— Port Phillip, McCoy, I.e. Cros.sorhinur, Muller and Henle. C. barhatna, L. Cyst. Nat. Cuv. Gmelin, p. 14y3, 1788. Gtinther Cat. VIII, p. 414; Macleay Cat. 1093. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 43. Loc— Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — C'arpe< Shark, Wobbigong. FAMILY CESTRACIONTID^. Heterodontus, De Blainville. H. phiUipii, Laci5pfedc, Hist. desPoissons I, p. 218, 1798. Macleay Cat. 1097. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. 113. Loc. — t'assim . Vernacular name — Port Jackson Shark, Pig-fish. FAMILY SPINACID^. AcANTHiA.s, Muller and Henle. A. vulgaris, L. Syst. Nat., p. 397. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 418 ; Maeleay Cat. 1099. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. , pi. 75. Loc. — Hobson's Bay, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name— i'icAerf Uog-fish. (F.CHINORHINUS, De Blainville.) E. spinosus, L. Syst. Nat. Cuv. Gmelin I, p. 1500, 1788.) Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 428. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Viet., pi. 144. Loc— One specimen from Portland, McCoy, I.e. FAMILY RHINID^E. Rhina, Klein. R. squatina, L. Syst. Nat. I, p. 398. Giinther Cat VIII, p. 430 ; Macleay Cat. 1103. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi, 34. Loc. — Not very uncommon in Hobson's Bay and around our coasts, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Angel-fish. FAMILY PKISTIOPHORID.E. Pristiophorps, Muller and Henle. /' nurlipiniiis, Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 432, 1870. Giinther Cat VIII, p. 432; Macleay Cat. 1105. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pi. .'ifi. Loc — Fiissiiiu Vernacular name — •SaMi-^sA. FAMILY SELACHID,?:. (Cetorhinus, De Blainville.) (C. waximua, Giinner, Trondj. Selsk. Skrift, III, p. 33, 1765.) Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 394 ; Macleay Cat. Sup. 1285. Figured, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., pL 104. Loc — One specimen, Portland, McCoy, I.e. Vernacular name — Baslimg Shark. FAMILY RHINOBATID.E. Trygonorhina, Muller and Henle. T. fasciiiia. Muller and Henle, p. 124. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 448 : Macleay Cat. 1111. Figured, Muller and Henle, pi. 43. Loc— "Common in S. part of Port Phillip," J. Bracebridge Wilson. Vernacular name — Fiddler Hay. 44 FAMILY TORPEDINID.*:. Narcine, Henle. N. Insnaniensis, Richardson, T.Z.S. Ill, p. 178, 1849. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 4.-)2 ; Macleay Cat. 1112. Figured. T.Z..S. Ill, pi. 11. Loc. — One specimen 8t. Kilda Beach ; alsu in liass Straits, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. I, p. •>2a. FAMILY IlA.IID.fi. Raja, Cuvicr. if. lemprieri, Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, p. 43, 1846. Gunther Cat. VIII, p. 46,S ; Macleay Cat. 1114. Figured, Voy. Erebus and Terror, pi. 2.3. Loc.' — Piissim, Vernacular name — Thoriihack Ray (if. deiilata, Kliinzinger, Arcliiv. f. Naturg., .x.xxviii, p. 46, 1872.) Macleay Cat, .Sup. 1280. Loc. — " Port Phillip," Kliinzinger. I.e. B. scniirii, Douglas Ogilljv, Cat. Fislies in A\i.stralian Museum, Part I, 1888. Macleay Cat. 1115. Syn. — if. rostrata, Castelnau, P.Z.S. Vict. II, p. 57. Loc. — Port Phillip, Castelnau. fa.mily tryoonid.*:. Urolophts, MuUer and Henle, U. leslaceiix, Muller and Henle, p. 174, 1841. Giinther Cat. VIII, p. 486; Macleay Cat. 1121. Figured, Muller and Henle, pi. 56. Loc. -Port Phillip (Morton, Lucas). FAMILY MYLIOB.\Tin.«. Myliobatis, Cuvier. M. iiieulidfii, Cuv. Rijgne Animal, 1830. Giintlier Cat. A'lII, p. 491 ; Macleay Cat. 112.3 Loc. — P-issim. Vernaculai' name — ^•^at^lt R^^ '■"^^^ V "^/ 4fi boiu^li at Williaiustown, ami as the yoiuit;- brood are allowed to grow aud propagate their species, auglers may iu a short time look forward to good takes of this favorite tish, aud " sclmapjier au aratin"' for the matutinal meal. THE BOAR FISH. (Histiopterus recurviro.sfris.) The .'■liape of this fish is most peculiar, tlie head being extended in a long mnzzle, the nostrils 1)eing situated at the base. The upper parts are of a greyish hue, aud the lower ones of a dirty white, broad bands of a dark hue crossing the sides from dorsal to caudal tins. Those sjiecimeus which have lieen exhibited iu the tanks have excited a great ileal of curiosity through their re- markable shape and structure, and it is to be regretted that their rarity prevents their more frequent exhibition. JOHN DOREY. (Zeus Faber.) This fish is rather uncommon and not often fouud iu the tanks which was caught by St. Peter iu the sea of Galilee, and out of win if is supposed to be that fish L' mouth he took the tribute for the Saviour and himself This tradition supposes tliat the marks each side of the fish are those of St. Peter's finger and thumb. 47 do not lono" liiist wlieii tlie THE BASTARD TRUMPETER. (Lastris Fosteri.) This heantiful fish claims oitr atteutioii not ouly on ju^count of its ^nwieful apjiearauce, but, by the beautiful colours wlii(^li it possesses, aiul, which, nufortnna,toly. specimens have been inmates of tlie Aquariam for any length of time. Tliis is doubtless due to the want of the natural conditions in which they ordi- narily live. The higher part of tlie body is generally of a dark greeny- brown, tending to a purple, transverse lines of bright colours running frt)m head to tail, and the belly and tail yellow, while a rainbow iridescence of colours is seen trom time to time when the specimens come under the direct i-ays of light. It is an excellent table fish. THE TASMANIAN TRUMPETER Is marked with dark and light green longitudinal stripes. The specimens shown are brought over from Hobart in a well-boat, and do extremely well in the tanks. Thh THE BUTTER FISH. (Chilodactylus nigricans.) fish varies a good deal in colour, tlie general tinge being of a slaty blue, mottled with wliite. The pectoral fins are elongated, and terminate in single rays, which are used to enable the fish to cling to the rock or sea-weeds on whicli it rests whilst awaiting its food. They become extremely tame, and after a very short time will feed from the keeper's hand ; in fact, they are the " pets" t!f /c<'j>liahif< hcr/i/af/f.-:) Is almost too well known to need desta-iption, as it is the commonest fish in Hobson's Ray. There are several varieties. The Sand Flathead (wliich is here figured) is the commonest, and can lie caught uearlv all over the Bav. The Grass I'^hitliead frequents the grass beds along the coast line, while the Rock Flathead may be found amongst the sea_-weed growing in the rocky reefs, whenever such occur. The latter variety attains a large size, scaling up to iS or !) lbs., and is, if anything, of a lietter flavour than the other varieties. The colour varies, as they have the same property as the Flounder of assimilating their tint to that ujion which they rest. THE ROCK LING ( Genypterus Australis) Must not be confounded with the "salted ling" of commerce, which is a different thing altogether. This fish is jirovided with barbels, is of a light-pink colour, marbled with 55 dark-pui'ple or black blotches, aud is white ou the belly. It is found amongst the rocks, and hides itself in the holes and crevices. It is noctiu'nal iu its habits, and all the holes of the rockwork in the tanks in which it is shown have to be carefully filled up, or the specimens would retire from the public gaze. A peculiar parasite, which sometimes attains the size of tlie top of one's tlnimb, is often found in its gills. THE FLYING GUHNET ( Trigla polyommata). Sometimes called " Butterfly Gurnet," from its many and beautiful colours. Tiie pectoral fins are very large, and when distended give the fish a most remarkable appearance. It is also 211'ovided with feelers, which enable it to crawl about on the bottom. SHOWING WINGS EXTENDED. THE GURNET. (^Centropogon Australis.) This well-known fish has little to say in its favour. It is nearly all head, fins, and bones, and is an awkward custo- mer to get hold of, as the dorsal spines are sharp, and inflict a nasty ' sting. -» ,JB?i? /■ 56 THE FLOUNDER ( Pli'iironectes Victor ue) ■.■^- Is the coiuniDiirst iif the Hut Hislies. It is greiitly esteemeil i'or the exij^aisite fhivoiir of its flesli ; lives mostly aloiij;- the sandy reaches of the sea-shore, and is always caught in nets, although it will sometimes take the liait. It is a curious fa('t that the very young of this fisli swim in the same way as other lish, and it is only on taking to living on the sand that they adopt the a])pear- ance under which they arc generally known — ^the ujipermost side being coloured, the lower not, and, stranger still, the eye works rc)uud from the lower w " hlind" side. This tisli swims with a graceful undulating motion, and has the capability of taking the ct)lour of the grt)uud u})on which it settles, nature having thus provided it with a means of escaping- the attention of its enemies. THE LEATHEK- JAdKET. {Monoc(i//t//fis.) M o n o c a n t h u s signifies " one- horned," and for aught we know here is the origin of our unicoi'u which ajipears in the Hoyal coatof arms ; at any rate, the rhi- noceros has not got it all his own way. This fish has no scales, but a i-ougli skin. It is not bad 67 eating if cooked after being skinned. There are numerous distinct varieties, l^udng different colours and shapes, but all being easily recognisable as members of the same family. It exists in immense quantities in the Bay, and is the angler's curse, as no sooner is the hook in the water than it swarms round and commences to nil)ble the bait. It is easily caught in a hoop net, for which the favorite bait is a piece of raw potato. When dying it has the chameleon characteristic of changing its colours The above specimen is one of the varieties known as the " tooth-brusli, ridge of bristles which grow on eacli side of tlie body near the tail. from the })ecnliar This is another variety ot this species, and differs considerably from the " tooth-brush " vai'iety described l)efore. This variety is generally a very dark-blue, with otlier beautiful iridescent spots, streaks, or lines, whilst the fins are of a l.ieautiful pale yellow. Some of this variety attain a large size, being caught up to 2 feet long. Instead of the "tooth-brush," on each side of the body near the tail may be seen a row of horny excrescences. These seem to be merely a freak of nature, and are not used for offensive or defensive purposes. THE COBBLER. {Pentaroge marmorata.) This little fish is sometimes called the "Scorpion" by the fishermen, and is much dreaded by them when engaged in dragging the nets on tlie grass beds which he frequents. .Each gill terminates in a sharji spine, witli wliicli it inflicts a nasty sting, causing intense pain. THE STONE-LIFTER ( Katlicstostoma keve) i?. popularly supposed to })ossess the power of turning over stones tor the purpose of finding its food, but this is doul)tful. The top of the head is covered with very hard plates, which would certainly withstand a great 58 piv'ssui-e. It is a grouiul fish, aud attains a size of 2 or '^ feet, when it is a liorrilile-loukiug- fellow. It belongs to the family of " Star-gazers,"' so called from the peculiar position of tlie eyes, which are always turaeil upwards. It is seldom eaten, owing, doubtless, to its rejmlsive a]ipe:iraiu-e, but in flavour the flesh resembles that of the Flathead. THE COW FISH. ( Oiitrarion or/uif/ts.) Tlie illustration represents tin- fennile ; the male being very similar in shape, but very difterent in colouration. Instead of tlie liglit-coloured bands being covered with beautiful ii'idescent spots, slKjwing all the colonrs of tiie rainbow, and being sometimes called the " Peacock Fish." It does not exist in numbers in all parts of the coast, the only 2>lace where the sjiecimens for the A(|uarium can be olitained being from Western Port. It is very hardy, feeding well, and living for a long time in ca])tivity. It derives its common name from the two horny excrescences growing on the top of the head. The male, with age, acquires a pronounced Roman nose. The whole of the body is merely a hard carapace, with the excejitiou of the space occupied by the intestines. THE PORCUPINE. ( ]>)0(/0ll ///.sf /■/.>■.) This common species is well known to all their seine nets oa the beach. Tiie minute it is landed on the sand it inflates itself like a bladder, the sj)ine>i sticking out in all directions, at tiie same time grinding the teeth as if in a dreadful rage. The teeth are really bony jaws with iiniuensc strength, and evidently used for detaching its f lod, which consists of shell-flsh, &r., from the rocks. It is also jieculiar in having vcit flexible eye muscles, being able to roll its eyes abont in a manner very uncommon amongst members of the flimy tribe. The Hev. Teuison "Wood states that he has seen the blacks devoiu- the liv-er of this fish with gi'cat gusto. However this may be. the rest of the fish is poisonous. who have ever watched the fishermen 5y THE TOAD FISH ( Tetrodon hispid us) Is commonly caught all aloug the coast, amongst the rocky or stony grounds. Its food is principally shell-tisli, and, like the Porcupine Fish, it is furnished with strong- teeth for the purpose of crushing shells, &c. It has the unfortunate capability of dis- tendiug itself iuto a round hall or Ijladder when landed on sliorc, and so becomes the sport of cruel boys, who wait until it is fully distended, and then jump on it to hear it go " pop."' The skin is covered with minute asperities, and the colour is dark-green, mottled with black on the upper parts, the belly white. spiny being . THE TOAD FISH. ( Tetrodon Hamiltoni.) This is one of the commonest fishes in Hobsou's Bay. At certain seasons it can be seen in thousands along the beach between Sandridge and Picnic Point. The upper part of the body is of a velvety appearance, mottled with black and white spots ; the belly is of a pinky-white colour. Its commou name amongst the fishermen is the "publican," owing doubtless to its rotund and rubicund appearance. It is decidedly poison- ous, and several cases are kuown wliere cliildren have' died from eat- ing it by mistake. THE PIG FISH. ( (Ji'stracion Heterodontns. ) This fish is oviparous. Tlie egg, of which an illustration is here given, is pyriform, with a ridge twisted around it, and 4 inclies in Icngtli. The Pig Fish is faniiUar to most persons who have wauderci along the shores of Port Pliillip. It is mostly noctm-nal in il> PIG FISH EGG. habits, and lives on all kinds of shell-fish. Its jaws are covered with laminated plates of great hardness, which are specially adapted for crushing up mussels and other shell-fish. Mr. Saville 60 Kent has found them very destrnctive to nyster-heds. Tliey are very tenacious of life, and have been bronglit alive from Pirnic Point to the Aquarium wrapped up in a wet bag. Several specimens are always kept in tlie larj;e tank in the Stalactite Cavern. THE FIDDLER. ( Tviiqonorliinn fasriata.) This tisli belon.u's to tiie Siuirli family. Iiiit lias no vicious jiropensities. It lives on the bottom, and feeds on shell- fish and Crustacea. It is very tena- cious of life, and is cordially hated by the tishermeu in the Bay, as it is almost omnivorous in the way of baits. Like all memliers of the Shark family, it is very keen of scent. The mouth is situated ou the under side, about 3 inches from the end of tlie snout, and when the tish is seen swimming uji against the glass, presents a very comical appearance. THE ANGEL SHARK K^ Is doubtless so called from the resemblance of its side bus to wings, or the name is chosen on the " lurus a non lucendo " 2)rinci})le, as it is as ugly a customer as is to be found. THE THOKNBACK RAY. {Raja I'uticfafa.) There are numeious varitties ot Kajs, ditieient specimens of which are shown in the tanks from time to time. When swimming they present a very interesting sight owing to the graceful wavy motion of their fins. 61 THE STIXG HAY. (Tri/gon riolacriis.) In this variety tiie tail is t'uriiishcil witii a serrated Ixme or sting witli wliicli the fisli can strike any object over its back. The sting causes a nasty wound, which is difficult of healing. Some very large Stiug l{ays are found — some of them weighing over a couple of hnudredweiglit SKATES EGGS The Skates and Rays produce their young in egg-cases or capsules. These are furnished with long tentiicles, evidently to enable them to moor themselves to sea- weed or some such object. 62 MURRAY COD. ( Oligorus Munji(aricn/roeess ol' artihcial lish- oiie that shdiild lie more largely jmrsued than it is. The jinjeess hrietly is as i'ol- lows : — In the spawning reason the female fish is caught and the ova exuded into a shallow basin or dish c:ontaining water, in the manner as shown in the sketch. The milt of the male fish is then jiressed into the dish over the eggs ill the same way, and mixing with the water is gently brushed over and amongst the eggs with a feather, and by tliis means "" ' ~ they are (quickened. They are then jilaeed on shallciw trays containing well-washed fine gravel, and a constant stream of rresli water is nm over tlieiii for six weeks, when the process of hatching is completed; the fish, wlicii hatched, producing tlic appearand' of a tiny fish attached to a bladder about the ^size of a. pea. The umbilical aiipeiidage is retained for a few days, initil the young trout has absorbed the nntrinieiit therein contained, anil swims about the shallow tray a jierfect little fish, living for a lew weeks on grated boiled liver, until strong enough to be moved into a small pond with running water, where tliey are kept until they are three or lour niouths old, when they are fit to he set loose in a suitabli' lake, river, oi' I'l'eek. STKIl'I'I.NG A TROUT. 65 The specimens of English Trout wliich can be seen disporting themselves in the pond in the Fernery were hatched from ova obtained from the Ballarat Fish Acclimatisation Society, who have been extremely fortunate in their operations, as the following memorandum will testify : — The society has been in existence '25 years, and received their first consignment of Trout ova from Tasmania on the '25tli of August, 1871, and for some years afterwards continued to import ova from Tas- mania and from New Zealand. About 1882 they commenced stripping themselves, and have been doing so every year since witli remarkaljle success, while occasionally importing 10,000 and 20,000 from Tas- mania or New Zealand. During the past season tlie society distributed to all parts of the colony no less than 22,750 yearling Trout, 1,530 English Perch, and 33 Carp and a large number of English Tench. The stripping season commences the end of June, and generally lasts until the first week in August ; the ova hatches in from 70 to 75 days ; the fry are kept in ponds and at first fed regularly every morning, and afterwards morning and evening till the following May. when they are distributed to suitable waters as yearlings. In the society's hatcheries are sixteen boxes, each containing four trays tJU w'hich the eggs are placed, and over which a stream of filtered water is kept constantly running ; from these trays tiie young fry work their way into the rill running down the centre of the hatching-house, through which also a stream is constantly passing, and from here they are removed to the pond from which they are distributed. 4(XI,000 eggs can be hatched annually in the hatchery. Every year the applications for fish are increasmg. The society is carried on by a committee of gentlemen : — E Morey, Esq., M. L.C., president ; T>v. Whitcondie, vice-president ; J. Noble Wilson, Esq., Alex. White, Esq., C. C. Stropie, Esq., J. 6. Macdonald, Esq., David Cooke, Esq., T. H. Thompson, Esq. ; G. Perry, Esq., hon. treasurer; Chas. Taylor, Esq , hon. secretary. The hatchery and rearing ponds are in the Botanical gardens. The society is called the Ballarat Fish Acclimatisation Society. The ponds are supplied with water from the lake by wind-mill. The artificial hatching and acclimatisation of fish is a most fascinating and interesting pursuit, and it is a creat )iity tliat it is not more universally pursued than it is at present. There Tlifc; TKOl'T PONDS .\T li.\LLAK.V'r. 9r*i ■k:^x^^ lOOMujm HATCHERY AT LOVELY BANKS, GEELONG. 66 is uo reason why every river, ereek, aud Jake in Victoria should not teem witii Trout; 'and gentle- men residing in country towus close to a river might easily form lish aeeliniatisation societies, and proceed to stock tlie waters in their immediate neighbourhood. The following sketches of the hat(dieiT at Lovely Banks, Geeloug, will show that a very small exj)ense is necessary, as, if suitable jionds are availahle for keeping the breeding lish before stripping, a, Ifark or paling slied will do e(iua,lly well to cover in and protect the hatching trays as the more ^'retentions weatherboard liuilding. Such ponds are best situated at the mouth of any small rivulet or creek flomng into a lake, as tlie fish naturally ascend running water when spawning time arrives. They can then be entrapped and kept until quite ripe for stripping; in the same way the fry after being hatched in the trays us above would gradually be let into a small channel of flowing water and kept under close supervision, a,ud fed regularly every day on grated liver until strong enough to be let out into ])onds (through winch a current must always flow). Here they may be kept and fed until it is desii-ed to send them away to distant waters or let them find their way into adjacent river or lake. Whilst small they must be jn-otectted from the attacks of birds' or they "would soon become a jirey to the members of the Kingfisher tribe; the Laughing-jackass is a most expert fisherman, and_ like many of his fellow colonists does not disdain the toothsome imported artiide. This protection is well effected by stretching twine across the ponds as is seen in the following sketch, which is a picture of the ponds at Ercildoune, which were laid out liy the late Sir Samuel Wilson, who took a great interest in the acclimatisation of English trout. ShouM any country visitors to the Aquarium be led by the sight of the " spotted beauties "" in the Fernery jionds to remember that they have in their vicinity a creek or lake into whicdi they w(juld dt'sire to introduce the Trout. I shall have much pleasiire in i^lacing them in communi- cation with the jM-oper persons from whom fry can be obtained for distribution. Already the "Watts River at Healesville is becoming quite an angler's resort, also Woodend, and numerous other country townships would be gi'eatly benefited if they could boast of a good Trout stream in their neighbourhood. i;i-VKJm; ponds \t liKriLiMirM-;, : ' j'"VB f y.it ~i " ''' "X"-'- ■ SS REARING PONDS, LOVELY BANKS. 68 IJIihllAllNG TROUT l-Kl J> lai. > \I,T\\ .\lh,K l:l\hn. (From a photoriraph supplied by Mr. J. Scott, Bourkeslreet. ) ^ ~-^ KNOLISH TROl'T OAIKJUT IN THE YARRA BY MK. T. ANDERSON, IOtH DeC. , 180;>. Weight, 131l>. I5oz.; length, 35 inches; girth, 17 inches. MOLLUSCA. The terra molli\sca, i.e., soft-botlied animals, is applied to snails, slugs, polyps, bivalves, and their allies, because they have no skeleton which enters into the mechanism of their movements ; neither an internal one like that of the vertebrates, nor an external one like tliat of many of the Crustacea. Most moUnsca are provided with a shell, and luive a liead very distinctly marked off from tlie body, and bearing eyes and tentacles. Cephalopoda or liead-footed, to wliicli all the octopus and squid fiimily behing; Gasteropoda or belly-footed, siicli as the ^whelk, periwinkle, limpet ; Conckifera, shell-bearing, such as the oyster, mussel, clam. 69 THE OCTOPUS. (Octopux rnliinri.'.")0 feet in the north to 2,000 feet in the south. On tlie rocky coast many wrecks have occurred, the Inrirrttulfl, the . Orfci. T. Bar/wr. J. C. Waite. "cri'iu AND PsvcHK.'' {Loaiiiii In/ Ci\ J . Dynoii, J.I'.) 36. Deuualiou and Pvrrha ___--- In fabulous history, Deucalion, fitther of Hellen, ancestor of tlie Hellenes, was the son of Prometheus and Pandora. In his time was the celebrated flood — the deluge of Deucalion, 16th century B.t'.. — which is thus described in the fable: — "Jupiter, determining to destroy mankind by water, on account of their impiety, brought a flood upon the earth by means of a violent rain." Deucalion saved himself and his wife Pyrrha on top of Mount Parnassus. After the flood had subsided tliey consulted the oracle of Theuiis to know what they must do to repair the loss of mankind, and were directed to throw behind them the bones of their mother ; understanding their mother to signify the earth, and her bones the stones, they did as the oracle directed. The .stones thrown by Deucalion became men and those thrown by Pyrrha women, and so the earth was re-peopled. There are many circumstances narrated in the fable which bear a resemblance to the account in the Scriptures of the Deluge. 37. The Wizard ..--..- 80 '.■IS. N'omIi st'udiuii' toi'tli the Dove IVoiu tlie Ark " And the dove came in to him in the evening ; and lo, in lur mouth was an olive leaf plucked oil"; si> Noah knew tliat the waters were abated from otf the eartli." — Gk.n'. viii. 11. a9. 40. 41. Girl's Head .-...-- A Terrible Story ------- CattenimU. (!|iaii,o-inj;- Pasture ------- J. 1 1. shcltiiiKt. Tliis is a truly Australian scene. Here we see tlie fUiek of sliei.-ii slowly grazing over tlie rise to seek the lower pastures. Portrait of the Hon. T,. L. Smith. L.S.A.. F.P.( ;.S.i... P.S.A. - Tom l!ohfi-t.-<. The Cohhler ------- The Wayfarer . ^ - - - . - Viimlfrhanj. It used to be the custom h hen Iroops were marclilng, on arrival at a tcjwn, for the soldiers and ottieers to be compulsorily c|uartered on the inhabitants, receiving a ticket or "billet" for presentation to the master or mistress of the house. In the picture before us the officer has just prtsented his ticket or " billet dc logement " to the lady of the house, who cannot help noticing the ardent glances that the warrior throws on tlic pretty daughter, and is no doubt iidvi'Ul of this hawk into her peaceful dovecot. inwardly perturbed at lb 4eaker of the Legislative Asseiiilily t). Ur/'ci. .]fiirr(ii/. r. Bridiijoiil. IP. Ettii\ A.l>. ( 'oDgtd/jlf. ( '. E. Liordon ( '(irl Kahli'r. A'.. I. IS47. Fr 81 55. 56. 56a 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. Man's Head- _______ Cupid's Dart - - - - - - ' - . A Spring Morning near Fernshaw _ _ . _ Landscape, Horse and Pond _ _ _ _ _ Dan O'CJonnell Lecturing; -_--_- Tlie Hermit - " - - ' - 8ir Peter Scratchley in New Guinea - - - _ The Woman Taken in Adultery _____ St. Cecilia _--___-- Mother's Pet ------ - Mother's Pet ------ - The Nativity ___---_ Man and Woman Drinking _____ Mars and Venus -_-____ Mars and Venus ___-__- Sphynx and Pyramids -_-__- This picture represents a storm arising on the desert, at tirst a solemn stilhiess pervades the surroundings, a cold breatli comes no one knows whence, a moan- ing of the wind is heard; and in a few minutes the sky is blackened Ijy dense impenetrable all-overpowering clouds of sand. Woe betide the imfortunate traveller on the Sahara who is caught imawares. The Saviour and Woman of Samaria _ _ _ _ The Descent from the Cross _____ The Market-place ___-__- J. Whitehead. B. W. Haydon. Salvator Rom. Doyle Glarwille, After Teniers. Roberts, R.A. Rubens. (Loaned by the Huii. L. L. Smith.) 73. The Duke of Milan compelling the Papal Legate (afterwards Pope Url)an VI.) to eat the Parchment of Remonstrance sent by His Holiness or be thrown into the river. As an historical fact he ate it, seal and all. This valuable painting was exhibited all over the Continent of Europe. At tiie foot of the picture will be seen a copy of the engraving of this picture whicli was published in the Graphic. M G/amietti. 82 74. Tlie Entombment - - - 75. Tlie Bathers 76. Ciivaliers and IJonndheads, The Battle of 77. Madonna and Cliild 78. Politics - - . - 79. Card Players _ _ _ 80. Madonna - - - - 81. Fruit Market - - _ 82. Flowers - - - . 83. Crucifieatiou _ _ . 84. Head . . _ _ Sr^. Toucliiug her with Uoldeu Heejitre - 86. Presenting (lifts to Infant Olirist - 87. W. (Jramm(.ind - . _ 88. Tlie Mnsie Lesson - - _ 89. (Jlirist crowned with Thorns - 90. Classic Landscfi-|ie - - - Davenes. P.Meee/ner,A.D.lG-iQ. 0. Or/ri. A^. Ste/hno. F. hitjijcns. Pu'whraiu/t, 1 6(J6- 1 688. Sir W. I Idiniltoii. Dow. 91 ( Loriilid III! Hon. /,. /..Smith.) (' •ntta The Hijijgly presents a variety of shipping unseen in other parts of tlie world, and forms a wonderful panorama f>f shapes and coloiu's provided liy the (jiiaint- shaped vessels of the East with which it is always crowded. 92. Cle.msing of tlie Israelites ------ 93. Water Nymjili - - - • - 94. Banislimeut of Aristides ----"_- Aristides, purnanied the just, was the son of Lysunachus. and descended from one of the most honorable families of Athens. He was one of the ten generals of the Athenians when they fought witli the Persians at Marathon. According to the usual arrangement, the command of the army was held by each of the generals in rotation for one day. IJut Aristides perceiving the disadvantages of such a change of commanders prevailed on his colleagues each to give up his day to Miltiades, and to this must in a great measure he ascribed the victory of the Greeks. 'J'he year ensuing he wa.s an archon, and in this office enjoyed so univer.sal popularity that he excited the jealousy of Themistocles; this ambitious man. not daring openly to attack his rival, contrived to spread a report (hat Ari.stides was aiming at a kind of sovereignty, and at last succeeded in procuring his banishment by the ostracism. It is said that a rustic citizen, who lia])))encd to stand near Aristides in the pulilic assendjly which decreed liis banishment, turned to him, without knowing who he was, and asked him to write the name of Aristides on the .shell. " Has Aristides injured thee ? " inquired he. '' No," answered the voter, " but I am tired of hearing him called the just." Aristides wrote his name, and returned the shell in silence to the voter. He left the city amidst the jeers of the populace, but with prayers on his lips for its welfare. It is this scene that Havdon has transferred to' canvas. ( 'rnycr. I> II . ll(ll/(/(lH. 83 BANISHMENT OF AKISTIJJKS. ( LvUIH-d lit/tht Hull. L. L. Slllilll.) A SCENE FROM THE FBANCO-PRUSSIAN WAK. 84 95. Faust and Mnr.u-ucritc'—" The (iM, (iliUtory _ - - 96. Aurora -------- 97. Water Nymph - - 98. The Ammuciatiou ------- 99. Legendary -------- 100. Baisiiig- the Widow's i^ou - - - 101. Doo's Head— " Boxer " ------ 10-J. Head -------- 103. A Scene froni the Franco-Prussian War - - - - 104. Tax Gatherer ------- 10.). The Vesper Hvnin - - ' - 1(16. The Holv Familv ------- 107. The Infant Christ ------- \0S. Classic Landsca])e ---■•--- 109. Gentleman and Parrot ------ Attention is particularly drawn to the excellent tecliniiine of tlic drapery as painted in this picture. no. Drawing of Sir W. J. Clarke, M.L.C. . - - - 111. Britannia presentimr Gifts _ . - - - 112. Heads -------- 113. Medallion of Sir Peihnoud Barry - - - - - 114. Photo, eidargement of Herr Kahler's Studio - - - 115. Photograph V the Hon. T. Bent, as Speaker of tlie Legislative Assembly 116. Stand of Indian Photographs presented hy the late J. Bosisto, Escj., C.M.G. These photographs give a most interesting representation of the leading temples of India and illustrations of daily life. Special attention may be drawn to the photograph of the Taj Mahal in Agra, the mausoleum built by .Shah Jehan to his favorite .Sultana, Moorntaz-i-Mahul. It is of white marble, and so beautiful that it is called a " Poem in Marble " and " The Marble Queen of Sorrow.' .1. >/,' Lnbhc. Lairesse. Armfield. After Dtirer. Korck- Kocclf. Murillo. Mwrillo. After Rubens. Sego7ii. 85 STATUARY. 117. Calyiiso - - - - - - ' - 118. Bust of Prince Alliei-t ------ 1 19. Medallion of Fruit ------ 120. Bust of Sir Jolui O'Siiauassv - . . - - 121. Cu[nd and Psyc^hc (loaned l.y Cc. J. Dynoii, -LP.) - 122. Street (xamiu of Paris ------ 123. Head of Old Colouist ------ 124. Temper -------- 125. The Flight from Pompeii ------ 126. Vase presented by French Republic to the Victorian (Tovern- ment 127. Love and Innocence ------ Andreoni Rome. ■■^K ■^ ■'« ^^^H L«I^^HI ^^■P ^^"^m I^^^^^^^^^^^B V^- ,^ f ■■ ^■^^f ^^^^^^^B \ '* \ ^^^1 HBp^V ^^ ^^^i^^ bI^B HF ''^ IB-'^^' ;' HH !■'' '^% \ B ■^L ^g Kfl 128., Charity 129. Cain Diipre And the Lord said unto Cain, Wliere is Abel thy brother ? And he said, I know not ; am I my brother's keeper ? — Gex. iv. 86 130. Jewel Casket, formerly jjrojierty of Marie Antoinette 131. Breakfast Rervice, formerly tlie jiroperty of the Em])eror NaiHilemi I'onaparte 1. ( 'hiiculate ( 'up, fornici'ly ln'loiiL;iiiL;- to I'oiiii Scl\v\ii, llie loNcr of liorrilile executions 132. Sjiec'imens of Dresden ( 'iiiiiM |ilarcs, liauil-iuiinted - 133. Vases -----... 134. Glass Imll -------- 13."). The JJeady lierkouer ------ 1 3(). Justice - - - - - - -•_ This is a fac-siniilc of tlie j^roup t-ifL-teil on the Law Courts at Kfiuligo. 137. Victory ----_-__ 13N. Stand of Indian I'liotoorjiphs. illiistratim;- the Ojiiuni niid Imliod Industrie-. Of the above, .\os. 1-31, 33 to 4."), 48, :)1, 52, 54, 5o, 58, iVJ, 61-77, 79, 80 to lOO. ] 14. lis, 130 to 132 are loaned hy tlie Hon. L. L. .Smith : Nos. 32. 47, oU, .57, 78. and 120, by Mr. A. Fletcher ; No. 49, by I{ev\ J. Keuuedy ; ^o. 46. liy Herr PinsclioH'; Nos. .")3 and 11.5, by Hon. T. Bent ; No. 123, bv Dr. Summers ; and No. 121, by Oouncillor J. Dvnon. J. P. From tlie Picture Salon ojien the Refresh- mcut-rooms. where tea and cotiee and other li.\ OF NESTS OF VIl'TOKIAN J'.lKh' the following descrijition of the Exhibits in which has been i)repared by Mr. C. French, F.L.S., Government Entomologist : — "The advantages to l)e gained by a study of Economic Entomology are so many that to enumerate only a few of them would take uj) more space than we ha\'e at our command for the present catalogue or handbook. " In a colony wliere agriculture idays so important a, part in the every-day life of its inhabitants, and is by nature destined to liold a much liigher jiosition than it has hitherto done, it must be patent to all thinking pieople that any help we can give to those who live by the soil must be appreciated. 88 " lu the first place, we must be able to show growers, by means of specimens, plates, &c., the differences between the insects which are destructive to crops and those which are beneficial, so that the first may be destroyed and the latter protected. The above remarks will also a]>ply to the liirds, tlie destruction of many of which has been, without a doubt, tlie cause of a large increase in the immber of our insect pests. " In this court, amongst the principal specimens of insects, l)otli injurious and Iteneficial, may be mentioned tlie (Vdlin Motli, Pear Slug, Apple-root Borer, Woolly Aphis, Locust, Fireblight of the Wattle, Peach Aphis, Green Beetle, and numerous others of the destructive class. Amongst the beneficial ones are many insects whicli are jiarasitic on the destructive kinds, as scale, carval of moths, &c., &c., including the wonderful little lady-l)ird, Vi'ilalia carc/ir/alis, which tiny insect has been so successfully introduced into the orange groves of America, Africa, &c., for the jiurpose of combating the attacks of the Icerya Fiirchasii or cottony-cushion-scale. A few years since the whole or a greater part of the orange groves of the above-named countries were threatened witli extermination, but tlie Vedalia with its wonderfully voracious nature lias arrested tlie progress of the plague, and the cottouy-cushion-scale has in many parts been altogether eaten up and destroyed by the Vcdalia. " The Wood Borer, of which three illustrations are here given, are amongst the most destructive of our noxious insects, and preventive and remedial measures for which are given in the illustrated handbooks. Parts I. and II., just issued by the Victorian Department of Agriculture. Three of them, viz., Urucantlms trun/c/M/oris. Picsarthriiis iiiar(/iii('1h(», and Diadoxiis pixtacbia, being amongst the most destructive. "The cases in an horizontal positimi show tlie various insects at work on timbers of ditferent kinds. '• One of the most instructive exhibits in this court is a case containing the external dissections of the parts of various insects. They have been prej>ared for the use of srliools, and have already been largely availed of by jiupils and others interested. "The charts which line the court represent the life-history forms of many of our most destructive insects, also illustrations of some of which are ]»arasiti(^ on same. An enterjirising American fruit-grower has said — ' Our watchword must ever be : Onward and upward, au arise, he who will may overcome tliem. The time was when our glorious climate, fruitful soil, and exemption from all diseases and pests, made our golden State the wonder of all who were conversant with its fruits and flowers.. Now, alas, the spoiler's hand is felt ; a (•hange has c(mie over the spirit of our dream. It seems as though all tliat is detrimental to the fruit interest is here or coming, making eternal vigilance the price of success in this, tlie cliief industry of tlie State. Tlie time has come when every one who by this occupation would thrive will find ceaseless use for both head and hand ; even then the fittest only can survive.' •' Wiien a ])erson takes up land for the purpose of making a living, whether it is for growing anything from wool to special products, he will find that there are leisure moments whicli may be profitably spent in the interesting and eminently useful study of Economic Entomology. An acipiaintance with the life-history and 'manners and customs" of insects, either noxious or beneficial, is to help us in suppressing certain pests, and to preserve from destruction such as are of use, and which consequently should be protected. The trained man, for example. 89 know'8 the insects are on tlie roots of his trees, where they hibernate as well as on the ;branches, and he at once conc^hules that he shonld first strike at the ' roof of the trouble : whereas the man who knows notliing of the subject, and probably cares little either, proceeds to lament, and not infrequently wiuds up by i[uitc uiuiecessarily chiipjiiuii- nut liis trees. ( )f late years great attention has been given to spraying the trees with various iusecticides, and nowadays a good spraying gear is a part and parcel of every well-regulated (_ircluird, farm, or vineyard. It has been estimated that for Oodlm Moth a.lone no less than 70 jier cent, of fruit has been saved by timely application of the arsenites, as Paris green, which should be used in a proportion of 1 lb. to from 150 to 200 gallons of water. For full iustructions, see Parts I. and II. of Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, issued by the Victorian Department of Agriculture." The following exhibits are well worthy of inspection : — Case No. 1. Australian wood borers, &c., species — Buprestis beetles and other families. Australian wood borers — Lougicoru and Buprestis beetles. Australian borers and leaf feeding beetles — Various families. Australian wood boring beetles — Longicorus. Habitations of various kinds of economic iusects. Dissections of external parts of insects with key to the same, prepared for the use of schools under the direction of 0. French, F.L.S., Government Entomologist of Victoria. Specimeus of various insect pests, as — Scale insects, apple aud rose Ijlight, &c., collected near Melbourne ; many of the specimens doubtless introduced from Europe. Australian Lepidoptera Moths and Butterflies, the larvre of which are destructive to vines. 2. 3! 4. 5. 6. 90 Case No. 9. Australian Phasmidae or Stick insects feed on foliage. lU. Australian Locusts, Grasshoppers, and other insects destruc^tive to crojis. 1 ] . Australian Ichneumon Flies, &v.., which are parasitic on many noxious insects. These should be ])r()tected by growers. 12. Jajianese Lepidojjtera. I'S. Ja])anese Lejiidojitera. 14. Timber showing ravages of insects. Plates Illustrated. Hessian Fly, Onion Fly. Gout Fly, Cr.ine Fly, Bot Fly, Beet Fly. Hop Ajihis or Green Fly, Wood Leo]iavd' Moth, the Pine Saw Fly, the Winter Moth, Ox Warlde Fly, Magpie Moth, American Blight, Codliii Moth, S])ruce Gall Aphis, the Goat Moth, the ( 'orn Saw Fly, Pine Weevil, Gooseberry and Currant Sawfly, A])j)le Blossom Weevil, Large White Cabbage Butterfly, the Stem Eel Worm, Plant Bugs, the Potato Disease, the Pine Beetle, the Turnip Fly, Surface Caterjii liars. Bean and Pea Beetles, tlie Corn Tliriiis, Wire Worm and Click Beetle, ( 'u('kchafer. Destructive Insects of Victoria, with notes on the methods to be adopted to checdv and extirpate them. Prepared by C. French, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Government Entomologist. Chapters 6 to 14, in 13 frames. Phylloxera of the Viae, 2 jjlates. Illustrations of the Silk industry. Mulberry Tree in case. Cases of Silk (2). Photogra])h filature and reeling room ol' Calil'urnia. CAM)]. JKIIM NORTHERN TtKltlTUIiV . 91 Continuins' to the left one comes to the ^& ZOOLOGY COURT, containing- tlie following specimens : — Native and Tiger Cats. llird.s of New Guinea. Parrots and Cockatoos. Goura Crowned Pigeons. Bower Birds. Iinpeyan Plieasant, India. Sparrow Hawks. Lyre Birds. Native Companions. Birds of New Guinea. Victorian Game Birds. Emus — Male, female, and small one. W'alhiliy, Native Bears, Old JMan Kangaroo, Kangaroo, Snake, Python, Platypi, Laughing-jackass. Skin of Tiger shot in India by the Royal Princes, lent by Hon. L. L. Smith. Next in order is the ECONOMIC BOTANY COURT. The Exhibits in this Court exemplify in an infinitesimal degree the enormous resources this Continent possesses in the way of natural botanic products. Our timber wealth alone is to ])e calculated by the worth of millions and millions of poxmds, and the visitor can see here exemplified the economic uses to which the most despised of our ordinary trees can be put. The timber which is lieiug ruthlessly destroyed all over this fair land of ours is the result of the natural growth of ages, and it is difficult to say what organic changes may not be wrought in our climatic conditions by this ruthless destruction of nature's sheltering mantle to the earth. The Exhibits may be enumerated as below: — 9 cases, Models of Fruits. 2 cases, Specimens of Australian Woods. 9 cases. Economic Pharmaceutical Collection. 2 cases, Models of Fungi. 2 cases, articles of every-day use manufactured from Australian Timber. Queensland Timber, as applied to building pm'poses. 440 Specimens of Indian Timber. Annotto Dyes. Specimens of Tea. Long Pepper. Beans. 37 Specimens of South Australian Timber. Queensland Timber Trophy. 2 Photographs, School of Agriculture, New Zealand. 40 Plates, illustrating diseases of plants. Ill Varieties of Ferns (pressed). 12 Plates of Fungi. Block of Gum from grass tree (Xanthorea Australia). 65 Specimens of Italian Woods. 92 ETHNOLOUY COURT. COLLKC'TION OF ABORIGINAL WEAPONS. Ta2:)pa Cloth, Ramie, ( Jauoe Paddles — Polyuesia. Idols — New Guinea and Polynesia. Pillow, Model of (Viuoe — South 8ea Islands. Australia— Woomeras, Spears, ( Unbs, Boomeriinhagus contained two others beautifully colonreil and decorated, as can be seen in tlie glass case at the side. The inscri])tious found u])on it. according to the ojiinious of learned savants, and the researches of Dr. S. Birch, of London, and others, and the mode of embalming, point to the period between the Dynasties XII. and XVII., or that of Al»rnhnm's descent to Egypt. The fact of this mummy having its knees drawn up as in a sitting posture also points to its early date. When first opened in its case, much of it fell to dust -..and at the bottom of the case, 95 or inner sarcophagus, were found blue, yellow, and brown beads, and bugles of enamelled clay, which had formed the necklace ornament or covering of the breast, and which was the insignia of high rank. Various seeds and dried beetles were also found amongst the dust, composed of the ENTRANCE TO EGYPTIAN TOMB. decayed body and Ihien, mingled with pieces of the bitumen which had been used in the process of embalming. These are now visible in the glass case close by. The upper part of the body has not yet been uncovered, fearing it may also fall to dust. In hieroglyphic characters round the outside sarcophagus, which contains the funeral epitaph and tlie prayer for the dejiarted spirit, can be deci})hered his name, viz., '' Amion, son or servant of Ptah " (meauiug l)uth priest and esteemed of Ptali, that form of deity worshipped in both Middle and Lower Egypt), "a good man made like to Osiris, whose life justifies his expectation of eternal bliss." Tlie female mummy unwrapped is that of a priestess of the Apis or bull, which was worshipped principally at Thebes, and is of a much more recent date, proliably about tlie time of Pharaoh Necho, wlio lived in the Dynasty XXVI., about 7iJ0 years B.C., near the days of King Josiah in Palestine, and a century before (Jambyses, tiie Persian, conquered Egypt. Down the centre of her cottin lid is the inscription : — " A Koyal gift to Osiris, of Pet Amenti, the great God and Lord of Upper Egypt (Tlielies), consisting of the best of drinks, many oxen, haunches of gazelle, that the great God of the laud of the Nile may be propitious to the Osirified, aud declared to be justified, Le Seb " (i.e., her name). She was a young lady probably about seventeen years of age, whose purity of life entitled her to a welcome in the aljode of the blessed. This mummy is iu a, perfect state of preservation, and is remarkal)l(' for the absence of bitumen, so freely used in the ciiief emlialmings of Egypt, aud also for the quantity of fair liair adhering to the skull at the time of unrolling, which took place on the 26th January, 1893, in the presence of a large gathering of distinguished citizens of Melbourne. Some hundreds of feet of linen wrapjnngs were taken off the body by Dr. Neild, assisted l)y several medical gentlemen, after the third lecture on Egyptology had been publicly delivered l)v the Kev. David Meadowcroft. COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES OF VICTORIA, which comprises (a) collection of rock specimens illustrating all the characteristic geological formations of Victoria ; {(i) collection of tlie principal minerals occurring in Victoria ; (c) collec- tion of metalliferous rocks aud ores and of samples of coal illustrating the mineral products of 96 'n ^T11M ecoiKiiiiic value iicctu'riug iii N'ictoria ; i^d) cDlk'ctiou (if sjn'ciiiK'Hs of ImildiuL; ami nfiiaiiu'iital stoiu's ; (/'J luoilel.s uf principal iiiig't^ets ot'gokl found in Victoria. ; (/) specimens of minerals and rocks occurring in countries outside Victoria ; (g) .<;eologi(^al ma]is antl mining maps, plans, and ]iliotogra]ihs, illustrative of the geology and mining features of Victoria ; (//) model of tlic Long Tunuel mine at Walhalla. MINING IN VICTORIA. By James Stirling, Government Geologist. Althougli territorially Victoria is the smallest state in Australasia, covering an area of 87,889 square miles, yet its variety of physical features, climatic conditions, soils, &c. , anil more especially the proved stability of its splendid auriferous resources, render it at once the premier colony of the continent. When it is stated that since the early gold discoveries in l.S.")l-2 no less a sum than £'246,4(X),()1)0 has been won — the bulk of this from a relatively small portion of the proveil auriferous area — and that the gold-mining industry is only approaching a condition of permanaucy, through a better knowledge of auriferous matrices, economic methods of mining and treating the ore, it will not be difficult to realize how important a factor the mineral wealth, l)oth actual and potential, has been, and will continue to be, in stimulating all other forms of production. Not only in the highest altitudes, over 6,000 feet aliove sea-level ; in the deep recesses of the valleys, only a few feet above sea-level ; liut at deptlis of over 3,000 feet from the surface — or 2,(KK) feet below sea-level — are mining operations being profitably carried on. New discoveries in the depth of the dense forest-clad mountainous areas, as tracks are l>eing cut into their secluded recesses, are constantly l>eing made. Deep leads, concealed beneath extensive basaltic flows, are being traced over hmidreds of miles of territory by boring operations. And as the areas over which the metallic suljstances are extended, and the methods of productions cheapened, together with a constantly increasing feeling of greater stability in the mineral resources as fields for investment, so will the progress and prosperity of the colon)' proceed pari passu witli the development of its gold-mining industry. Gold-bearing Formations. The principal gold-bearing formations, covering one-half of the entire area, consist of Silurian slates and sand- stones, which have been intruded upon by plutonic rocks, such as granite, porphyry, diorite, abat. At Ballarat there are at least four well-defined lines of reef, such as the Ouiding .Star, .Star of the East or Consols, the Indicator on the Llanberris and .Speedwell line, and the Fire Brigade line. It is believed that the Indicator belt of country on the eastern side of the fiehl will be found to extend past Creswick and Allendale towards the MfKjlort Plains. Some idea of tlie enormf>us value of the gol"s washing at the Hand of Hope. My colleague, Mr. Lidgey, who has made a d<'tailed survey of the ficlil, estimates that from twenty iriincs £5,902,05(1 has been won ; that dividends to the extent of ,£2, .500,000 have been paid : the total amount of calls only reaching £594,914. The tracing out of the Ballarat leail systems to the west, north-west, and south-west still offers a field for mining development. 99 Auriferous Contact Zones. The influence exerted on the Sihui:in strata by the enormous masses of eruptive rooks, sucli as granites, porphy- rites, diorites, felsites, &c., and wliicli now appear as bosses and apophyses, known as dykes, &c. ; and the structural and chemical changes of the mineral components along the planes of the contacts has for sometime been the subject of critical research ; but it was not until the relation Ijetween the occurrence of auriferous quartz veins formed at or near the contacts, both in the eruptive rocks, and to a greater extent in the sediments they invaded, that the attention of practical miners was drawn to the value of following out the contacts in the field as a guide to prospecting operations. In the north-eastern district, in an area hardly yet touched by systematic prospecting, it is estimated that there are fully 300 miles of contact rocks intersected by auriferous quartz veins. Maldon. The Maldon gold-field is principally to the east of the granitic rocks at Mount Tarrengower. The alteration of the sediments has produced rocks of the hornfels type. A w^ell-defined elvan dyke traverses the field, and in the case of the Derby mine is flanked on either side by auriferous veins. Fully 47 reefs have been described on this field, which strike N. 12 to N. 30 \V. .Several of the "mines are now approaching a depth of 2,000 feet. Such examples of permanency as the South German, &c., may be referred to as illustrating the staljility of mining on the field, which, within a small area, has already produced £2,306,620 worth of gold. Stawell. At Stawell the auriferous quartz veins intersect a belt of country margining the granite of the Black Range. The rocks are very much indurated or altered by contact metamorphism, and the sediments are penetrated by numerous dykes of porphyrite and diorite. The auriferous quartz veins strike from south-east to north-west, and generally underlie to westward at an angle of 45 degrees. In almost every instance, except the Magdala-cum- Moonlight, a flat reef has been found alnitting against the vertical on the eastern side, with a northerly underlay, and PUDDLING MACHINE. the richest quartz has for the most part been found at no great distance eastward from the line of junction. The principal mines include the Magdala, Oriental, Sloane and Scotchman, Perthshire, Hampshire, New Chum, Cross, &c. From this group of mines no less a sum than £4,018,884 worth of gold has been won. A considerable amount of boring has been carried on over this field, and auriferous quartz veins proved in advance of the actual workings. There is no reason why the reefs should not extend still further to the north-north-west of present workings. At present the Magdala, Oriental, and North Magdala are working at a depth of 2,409, 1,832, and 1,640 feet respectively. DiORtTE Dykes. In this case the principal bed rock is of Upper Silurian age, and the dykes intersect the strata both with and across the line of strike. The quartz veins traverse the dyke in various ways, either vertically from wall to wall across the dyke parallel to it ; either along the wall or m the body of the stone, and horizontally or nearly so from wall to wall. In places where the dyke stone is absent, the space between the walls is filled with broken-up rubbly shale or slate with thin quartz leaders. Typical examples of such dykes are seen at Wood's Point, Walhalla, Foster, Tanjil, Raspberry Creek, Costerfield, &c, 100 Wai.halla, At the celehrated Long Tunnel mine, W'alhalla, the dyke tremls parallel with the strike of tlie strata west of north. It is inipiegnateil more or less with iron ami arsenical pyrites. Two (piartz loiles meeting in an apex or cap accompany tiie ilyke along or near to its walls on either side, while olliers intersect the l>ody of tlie dyke. The shoots of auriferous (juartz dip nortlierly, the underlie being westerly. This mine is a splendid instance of the permanency of the auriferous veins associated with the dykes ; it lias yielded over (iHl,344 oz., or in value £2,.5"2o,376, and has been carried to a depth of nearly 2, OOO feet. The whole of the belt of country extending northerly from Walhalla througli the heads of the Jordan and over the Dividing Range at Matlock to Wood's Point, and still furtlicr northerly to Jamieson, is auriferous and of similar character, although on the L)i\'iding Range, near Matlock, there is probably a juncticm of the Upper and Lower Silurian beds, from the occurrence of fossil graptolites found there by my colleague, Mr. Ferguson, 300 feet or more below the saddles. Wooii'.s I'oiNT. The Morning Star dyke, which trends on the surface .")4 deg. west of north, is intersected by (juartz veins, which are nearly horizontally disposed, inidining luit .slightly to north-west. They penetrate the ailjacent slates, and are richest near tlie contact. Several bores were put ilown, which proved floors of cpiartz at lower levels, and show that the (juartz veins occur to great depths in the dyke mas.ses. Fos'lER. Aurifei'ous ipiartz veins |ieiictratc into the adjacent rocks beyond the porphyritic dyke which intersects the Silurian rocks at this place. Other localities wliere the dykes have a.H.snciated witli them auiifcious quartz veins are numerous in the country occupied by the Upper Silurian beds, as at Alexandra, lieads of Big River, Tanjil, Cassilis, Ovens Valley, Queenstown, &c., &c. Meridio.vai. Hki.ts of Reek.*. A feature which is common both to the Lower and Upper Silurian beds, no matter «hat the amount of local variation in the direction or formation of the ijuaitz veins may be, is the meridional Iwlts which come into view when the position of the ipiartz veins are plotted on the map, if., there is a general meridional trend of the gold-bearing portions of strata. This signiticant fact was drawn attention to by Captain Panton, P. JL, and C. W. Ligar, ex- 8ur"veyoi--(!eneral, during 1S.")S —by the former in the Miinnij Journal, and l>y the latter in the Tranusli lead. Beyond lieie it passes into and down the Avoca Valley, where it is joined by the Avoca lead system. It probably extends past ^Vi-chdale and beyond St. Arnaud, 108 Tliere is thus an average length of over 40 miles of main trunk lead traversing auriferous rocks fed ty rich tributary leads and witli numerous rich shallow workings in the bordering country on either siile. That portion extending from the southern line of a series of bores put down at boundary of Lexton to the Homebush leads, a distance of 20 miles, deserves special attention, being well defined by borings and being bordered by rich auriferous country. Amherst and Maryborough Leads. — A series of leads from Amherst, Daisy Hill, Alma, and Maryborough, nearly all trend towards Timor, where the course of the main lead is marked by the deep leads worked by the various Duke companies. The Sadowa lead extends for several miles towards Talbot. Loddon Valley Lead. — This lead system, with its tributaries, is probably the most important yet worked in the colony, extending from the Midas and Dowling Forest group of mines, a distance of 16 miles of linworked ground ; then the marvellous Berry group of mines, with 4 miles of unworked ground. Northerly from the junction of these two lead systems as far as the parallel of Carisbrook, the Mount (4reenock, Majorca, and Carisbrook leads come in from the west, and the Loddon leads from the east. The boring near Moolort proved a large and well-defined trunk lead, which extends close to Eddington, where the Bet Bet system probably joins it. In the total length of this system there are BO miles of unworked leads. Dunolly and Burnt Creek Leads. — Leads trending down the Bet Bet Valley, such as Chinaman's Flat and Four-mile t^reek, were very rich. Daylesford Leads.— These leads are all above the level of the present stream. The most noteworthy are the Wombat Hill lead, Deadman's lead, Italian Hill lead, O'Hara Burke lead. Fern Tree lead, and Jim Crow Creek lead. Bendigo Leads. — The rich alluvial gullies fed by the Bendigo reefs ti end toward Bendigo Creek into a main lead near the White Hills, which has been traced a length of 7 miles. Several tributaries enter below the White Hills from the westward, trending northerly towards Huntly. It is estimated that for a distance of 6 miles from the White Hills the lead yielded £2,000,000 worth of gold. A minor lead sy.stem extends north-westerly along the Myers Creek Valley, receiving tributary leads from Eaglehawk on the east. Still further north a lead system extends for several miles past Nsilborough. Heathcote Leads. — Melvor Creek has been worked for a number of leads ; most of the gold occurs in nuggets — one of these weighed 658 oz. Castlemaine Leads. — Extensive gullies have been worked at Chewton, Maldon, Castlemaine, and down through Yandoit to Newstead. Malmsbury and Coliban Valley Leads. — This system of leads extends from the Main Dividing Range between Trentham and Blackwood. It is fed by various tributaries from Trentham, Lauriston, Taradale, and Malmsbury. A line of bores near Carlsruhe proved deep ground at '.iiS feet from the surface. Four and a half miles northward, near Lauriston, a lead was proved, and 2 miles further north a third series of bores proved wash at a depth of 371 feet. Near Malmsbury, the Taradale lead junctions with the main lead. Following down the valley of the Coliban, borings at Redesdale proved the bed-rock to be 223 feet from the surface, the fall of the surface from Kyneton to Redesdale being evidently greater than that of the lead. From Trentham to Axedale, on the general course of the lead system, the distance is fully 50 miles, and from near Carlsruhe to a little beyond Redesdale the distance is 25 miles. Plenty River Leads. — Rising in the Plenty Ranges, where several creeks and gullies have been worked with satisfactory results, notably Jack's Creek and Deep Creek, the lead extends to Whittlesea, while at South Morang a tributary lead had been worked for some years by means of tunnels. Boring is now being carried on to prove the position of the lead, which it is thought might extend still further south towards Collingwood. Tanjil Leads. — Here a lead has been traced for several miles along the valley of the Tanjil to a higher level than the present stream. Neerim Lead. — A sub-basaltic lead extends tor a distance of about 20 miles along the water-shed between the Tarago River and the Latrobe. Moondarra. — This lead system extends along the plateau between the Tyers and the Thomson Rivers for a distance of 16 miles. Rutherglen Leads. — There are two main deep leads now being worked — the Great Southern, which is a continuation of the Cliiltern Valley Lead, and the threat Northern. 'J'he principal companies now at work include the Great Soutliern, Southern and Chiltern Valley United, Great Southern No. 1, Prentice United, North Prentice, Great Northern Extended, and the Wahgunyah. The yield of gold for the Chiltern and Rutherglen districts has been £2,282,384. Ovens River. — The Ovens River and nearly all its tributaries below Porepunkah have proved auriferous. In the higher levels terrace washes, and in the lower there is evidence of a very extensive deep lead system, now being proved near Palmerston by boring. Similarly, from the neighbourliood of Beechworth in the highly auriferous plateaux situate on the water-shed line between the Ovens and tlie Little or Kiewa runs, a number of lead systems radiate towards the main valleys on either side, as the Eldorado, Woolshed, and Staghorn Flat, and numerous others. Dargo High Plains. — Round the edge of this basaltic plateau, at an altitude of between 4,(M)() and 5,000 feet, gold has been found and partially worked for many years. Recently tunnelling operations by Ryan and Co. have disclosed what appears to be a deep lead system extending for a distance of over 20 miles. In the Kiewa Valley there are miles of terraces which should repay mining exploration. Similarly in the Mitta Valley and all its tributaries alluvial deposits and leads occur. Towards tiie head of the Murray, Buckwong Creek, and Limestone Creek, along the Tambo Valley, terrace washes occur in the Mitchell and all its triVmtaries, the Wongungarra, Dargo, Wentworth, Crooked River, Wonnangatta River, the Bemm Rixer in East Gippsland, the heads of the Broadribb, the Mackenzie — in short, the heads of the Yarra, (4oull5urn, and all streams to the east rising in the Main Dividing Range — contain auriferous deposits, either as creek and gully alluvium or as terraces. Bright Prospects op Mining. Who will dare to venture tlie assertion that Victoria's alluvial deposits and leads are worked out in the face of such overwhelming evidence to the contrary? When we realize ho^\' small a portion of tlie proved auriferous ground has really been worked as compared with that awaiting development, there can be but one feeling, and that of unbounded confidence in the future mining prospects of the colony. In one square mile of ground in the Madame Berry area gold to the value of £1,586,758 has been raised, £848,700 paid in dividends, £433,000 in wages, and £130,000 in royalty. There is no special reason why other portions of the unworked leads should not yield similar returns. They intersect similar belts of known auriferous territory, and when the location of the known ({uartz-bearing auriferous belts are mapped out, and also the courses of the leads which intersect them, a new mining era will evolve, and science and practice go hand in hand towards a more rapid industrial progress and continuous prosperity. 104 On tlie east siilo of tlic Hall will next lie visited THE ARMAMENT (OrRT, .IKIDKI.S OK TUKl'KHU llOATS Uiiitbnns ami Acc-dutreiueuts of various IJi-irisli IJe.ui- inenrs. Jlodel of Ai'nisti'oni;' (inn. ('arliines, EuHelils, anil IMartini-IIeni y ixitlcs. Series of I'ictnres illustratini;- Srelies in llie ('i'inie:in War. lent li.v lion. E. E. Smith. ^lodel of W'illianistow n Uitli' Kanues. in;iile hy Mr. • 1. I'orter. Kynocirs case of Ammnnitiou. Keliesof the Kelly Gang. Here is also shown the iron armour worn hy Steve I lart, who was a member of the famous, or rather infamous, li:ind of outlaws known as the Kelly Gang, which was the icn-orofrhe Noi'th-eastei'n i )istrict until their final destruc- tion at ( ilcnriiwau. For some considerable time this gang lield the ]iolice and all authority at detiance. They were limdly brougiit to bay by tlie Police, under Superintendent Hare, after a stubborn resistance. Three meudiers of the j;ing wei-c liillcd. and Ned Kelly tiikeu alive and aflcr- \;ii(ls cxi'cnted. it was on this occasion that tiie mcm- 'i-rs (if the gang a]ii>eared in the arnmnr here exhiiiiled. \hi(h ud'c maik' by a local lilacksmith from old nionid- I nis. Tlic excitement in Melbourne may be jmlgeil iiy I he t<'lcgr;inis a]i)iearing in the ]iuiilic jircss heaih'(l ••()utlaws in Armour." Tlie set of armour here sliown was secured for the Trustees through the good ottices of I he late Mr. T. 1{. ^Vilso^, the Uuder Secretary. 105 Adjoinin.i;' is THE FISHERIER COURT, coiitaiiuiig a followinji' : — fictl il iiiteivstiiiii- collertimi of Exhil)its, iiicliided amoug-st whii.-h nre tlie Large Stuffed Cvocuilile. Large Stuffed Sea Leopard. Group Stuffed Seals. Skeletou of Porpoise. Skeleton of Croeodile. Models of Fish. Fishing Tackle and Nets. Model of Trawling Boat. Commercial products of Fishing. Glass Models of lower forms of Marine Life, Sea-weeds, Sealskin Clothing used hy shi]i- wrecked Sailors, ])resented hy Mr. M. L. Kreitniayer, Stuffed King Penguin, Blue Crane, Ihis. Heron. Pelican, Albatross, Models of Chinese .lunks, &c. The Exhibits in the centre of the Hall will next claim the visitor's attention, foremost amongst these is a Wims- hurst Electrical Machine. A WIMSUUKST EWCTKI' \l. MM ni\h. 106 Electrii'itv is devdoticil in this machino by two circular plates of glass, armed with thin copjiLT plates i)laced at distaiices apart, being set in motion and rotated in contrary directions, tlie electricity is then picked up hy l)rass wire-brushes and jjassed in sjiarks from one electrode to the other. Adjoining is another most interesting Exhibit. THE PLANETARIUM. This is a contrivance for exhibiting the relative ])ositious and motions of the jilanets and their satellites. The Sun is represented by the large brass ball in the central position of the apj)aratus, and the eight smaller globes held at constant tlistances from it by means of rods are the planets. The still more minute sjiheres which are seen in tlu; vicinity of each jilanet (with the exception of the two nearest to the Sun) are the satellites or moons. These are also held a,t definite jiositions from the respective primary by separate systems of rods. It will be seen that the eight principal rods at one end of which tlie jdanets are attached are fixed at the otlier end to a vertical shaft. This shaft passes through the Sun, and is connected to clock-works below ; so that when the clock is started, the shaft turns from' left to right, and causes the rods to revolve. Consequently, the planets with their moons ai'e cai-ried uniforndy siround the Stm from left to right, or in a, direction opposite to that in which the hands of a watch appear to move. If now we regard the left-hand side as the west, then all the motions in the ajiparatus (with two exceptions referred to later) take place from west to east, wliich is in accor,„„,„, ,„ ,„„,,. Peri«l of Re^lution Discoverer. Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon 1 d. h. 111. 120,000 500 2 12 29 re7,000 400 4 3 27 273,000 1,000 S 10 .56 365,000 800 13 11 7 Lassell, in 1851. Lassell, in 1851. Sir W. Herschel, in 1787. Sir W. Herschel, in 1787. 108 Nrptane. — DisfdVL-reil l)y Le Vrrricr in 1N4(). Distauce from tlie Sim. 2,79-2,01 )0,000 miles : diiiinek'r, 34. SOD miles ; uocs rimiid tlie Sim in 164 yciirs ; velocity, miles jier second in the orhit. :V4. Xe]iinne lias one sa.tellife. diseo\ered liy Lassell. at Malta, in 1846. This also niovi's from ri.u'ht to left or from E. to W. Distanre from planet, 2ii5,U0U miles : time of revolution, r)i\. -Jlh. 3m. ; diameter, 2.0()() miles. Tiie actual veloi'ity at which the various jihinets move in goinj;' rouml the Sun are as follows. i;i\'en in miles ])er second of time. Mi'iTiiri/, from ",'3 to 35 miles a second; Vcniin, 22 miles; Earthy IS^ miles; Mars, 15 miles; Jupiter. S miles; Saturn. 6 miles; I'rati/'.^. 4^ miles; Neptiini', 3i miles. Helative sizes of the |ilaiiet and of the Sun. — Sn|i]iosin<;' the Earth to be a small globe I iiicli in diameter, then the other idanets should have the following diameters, in order to be in jii-oiier j)ro]iortions, viz.: — ^frrriiri/, ^ of an inidi : Venus, 1 inch; lite Earth. 1 inch; Mars, I incii ; Jupiter, \\ inches; ed, and found to contain millions of tons of jaire glass-like chloride of sodium (pure salt in white crystal formations), free from the reil oxide and many earthy imiiurities containeil in the Cheshire Hock Salt. Hence no chemical or colouring matter of any soi't is reipiired or used at this factory, any of which substaiu^es are more or less prejudicial to the successful cniing of meat and provisions generally. The buildings and plant of this factory, covering an area of 30 acres, have been erected at a cost of not less than £530,001), no expense being spared in machinery and improvements for the j)roilnction of the tinest Stoved and best Curing Salt, which is now deservedly classed as the purest the world produces. These mines were worked by the Romans, and as the ]iay of a Roman soldier was in salt it is said that the word salai-y was in this way derived. Moilel of Sydney Harbor. ( !ase of Torjietlo I'oat Models, by Messrs. Thornycrol't and ( 'o. Models in AVax of Flowers and Fruit. Case showing the whole process of ^\"ax Vesta Manufacture, by Messrs. liryant and May (Messrs. James Service and Co., agents). Case showing the whole process of Cotton Manufacture, Messrs. H. Howarth and Co. 109 T'nonUCTS OF Ei:CALVPTUS. Pn'jxirfi/ l)if fin: hiti' J. /los/.sfii. A'.sy/., C.MJr.. .1/./'., I'hii niiiii-cHtiiitl (livmist, Mclhoiiruc. Esseutiul (_)ils ;uiil IJesiiis — Blueguin. — Essential Oil of Euoalytus (EiiC!ily)itiis jilolmlus). Tliernpeiitic uses — For internal and external nses, ami sanitary pur]lo^^es. PejijK'ruiint Gnui. — Essential Oil of Euealyptns (Eu("ilyjitns Mniyyilalina). Tliera- })eutie uses — External and sanitary. (Yields Phyllandicn.) Mallee (inm. — Essential Oil of Eiiealyptns (Eiiralyjitns dunios;i). Theraiientie uses — Various. Produees Eucalyjjtol in ,i;Teat ahundam^e. The most valuable product in the series is undoubtedly the oil of Eucalyptus, prepared from the leaves of the "Mallee" or Eucaly[)tus dumosa, a stunted species of Eucalypt, esjiecially favouring the district of the north. Mr. Bosisto devoted the best part of a long life to the study of the question of how to extract this valuable product in a perfectly pur'e state, and he so far succeeded tha-t the result of his efforts is recognised by chemists as the standard oil of commerce. His investigations conuueu(^ed in lXo3, and have been published from time to tiur\ Essential Oil of Menthae Gravilis (a.n indigenous Mint). Melaleuca Ericifolifv Ess. ^Oil in tlie Ti-ti tree). Oil of Spearmint (Mentlue viridis). Oil of the Ijeaves of the Native Sassafras (Anthos]ierm. moseh.). Eucalpytus Balsam. (Emjiloyed for Veterinary purjioses.) 01. Eucalypti Stuartianaj Ess. (A])]>le-tree gum). 01. Eucalypti Fabrorum Ess., or Stringy-bark. Eucalyptus Oil — standard test. (Supplied throughout the world as the recognised medical product.) Essential Oil i)f Eucalyptus ( Percifohe). Melaleuca Genistifohi' Ess. The True Oil of P(']i]K'rniiiit ( Mentlue l'i|)critie Essent.). (irowu in Victoria. Esprit Wattle Blossom. COLLECTION OF NUBIAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. no OoLLKfTION (1F AUSTRATJAN RnAKES. ("Prcinircd fur Purjiosc nf Iiistruction liy Mr. ( '. Krciicli. 1'Mj.S.) The iir.ictical and inost imjiortaiit study of Opliioldji'v is one, aiiidiigst mauy otlicrs, wliicli has liccii iici;lfctcil iu Victoi'ia, and popular works based on tlie excellent remarks hy Dr. (Tiiiiflicr. of the I^ritisli Museiiiii, and in a sinalliT hut practical nianiier by the late Geranl Krcft't. Ill' ihc Syihicy Miisemn, scciu to l}c sadly in re(pu'st. Those who live iu the bush arc otren |icrplc\ed i)y the local iiauics used; lor instance, the true ( 'arpct Snake of the Murray border is IsMown In Ik' ipiite harmless, while the so-called ( 'arjiet Snake of Westernporl, (iijipsland, itc.. is nn nther than Hoj)locephalus curtus, our Tiger Snake, one of the most deadly species in Australia : and these remarks api)ly to mauy other kinds. It is with a view of familiarizing the puhlic in this most important res])ect that the Trustees have resolved to form a general (M)llectioii (as comjih^te as possible) of all known Australian Snakes, with scientific and common names, and localities added; also short remarks as to their food, from authentic^ sources. In this way much information may be gained, which plates, however correct, would fail to convey. Iu a framed tablet near the ease will be given practical instructions re. treatment of persons suffering from snake-bite, also some useful remarks as to the structure and position of the faugs, poison glands, &c., &c. THE CONCHODXMCAL COLLECTION. This extensive a.nd interesting coUec^tion is classified and scnentitically named on the same jirincijile as adojited in the Melbourne University Museum. Lea\ing this portion of the Annexe, one next visits the Machinery and Manufactures Hall. The first object to attract attention is A Model of PAELiAMt-iNT House, Melboieni';. as it will he when completed, presented by the Hon. T. Bent, when Speaker of the Assembly. Ill To the right will be seen tiie following Exhibits : — Denton Mills Hat Factory Company Limited. This Exhibit is to show the various stages of Hat MaiiufVieturiiig from tlie niw material (that is, the greasy wool just as it comes from the sheep, and the rabbit skiu just as it comes from the rabbit) right up to the finished article ready to be worn. Flax Exhibit. This Exhibit has l)eeu presented to the Trustees by Mr. J. J. Wilson, 71) Queen-street. In it Flax is seen in all its stages, from the small bright seed to the soft silky fibre fit for the manufacture of textile falirics. Some of these samples are very pretty. There are also jihotiigraphic views of a rippling machine for threshing the seed, and of two other mechanical apidiances known as a Treoker and a Scutcher respectively. The two last-named nuicliines are employed to separate the fibrous material ("line") from the woody portion of the Flax plunt. At a time when the Flax industry is claiming attention iu the (»lony, this Exhibit forms a useful iiliject-lesson to intending growers and others. .1. Miller and ( 'o. — Rope and ( lordage. Arthur Tilley. — Soaps and Perfumes. Consett Iron Exhibit. Iron Exhibit presented by the Earl of Dudley, Pernam. Tjowmoor (Jom])a.ny's Iron Exhibit. ;_/., ^wA v_x, f]si|. Newbonld and ( 'o. — Exhibit of Saws and Tools. Model of" .Xormanhnrst," residence of Lord Hrassev. Models ol' Yachts, lent by H. K. Murray. Models of Ib-idges. Sands and McDougall. — Specimens of Electrotyjje work. Pliotograj>hs of New (Tuinea, by .1. AV. Limit, lent l)y Monsignor (J'Hea. Adelaide Sewage Exhiljit. Lewis and W bitty. The Exhibit includes laundry repiisites in the .shape of scpiare Blue, Bice Starch, ami Washing Powders ; household requisites, such as Blacking, Knife Polish, Blacklead, Baking and Egg Powders, Black Boot Glosses, Tan Boot Glosses, and Culinary Essences ; also Ilefined Mineral Oils and Dry Lubricants for lubricating every description of machiuery ; Hatters" Dyes and Felt Colours of various shades. Established 2S years. Through jjressure of space in the Ethnological (_'ourt it has been necessary to place in proximity here — Large (_'anoe, made by the natives of the Xorthei'ii Territory by hollowing out a tree trunk, dapauese liark Canoe. |iresentcil liy Mr. E. E. Shaw. |ier faxour of .Mr. (i. Iv*. Fi iicham. St. Petkh's, Bomr. The fouiHlation stone of St. Peter"s, in Home, was laid on the loth April. 1500, in the presence of 3.") cardinals. The ceremony of consecration was perfoi'iueKl, (IK ST. I'ETEKS, KuMK. of Rome and its surrouudiugs. lu order to institute a comparison, it may he stated that the dome of St. Peter's is over 100 feet hio-her, from datum level, than that of the Melbourne Exhibition Building. The area of the church is 2r^,3-Jl square feet. The areas of other great churches are here given for comparison : — Square feet. ondou ... . . ... 108,982 ... 107,782 ... 100,(100 ... ... ... 81,464 72,860 ... 71,208 66,900 St. PaiuTs, Ijonilou ... Milan Seville Cologue York Amiens Lincoln The number of columns, including those iu the colonnade, is 7o6, the greater part of which were taken from the buildings of ancient Rome. Adjoining is a handsome case belonging to Messrs. Swallow and Ariell. Nearly adjoining will be seen a case shown by Messrs. Jas. F. McKenzie and Co., Flinders-street, containing a handsome and interesting exhibit of their chief manufactures :— Coffees, Cocoas, Mustard/Spices, Pejipers, Oatmeal, Curry Powder, Baking Powder, Ac, &c. An instructive feature is a series of samples representing the i>rocess of the conversion of Oats into Oatmeal, Flaked Oatmeal ; Groats ; of Barley into Pearl Barley, Flaked Barley, and Patent Barley; of the undressed Rice, as. imported, into the beautiful white grams known to the consumers. 114 The various (lescri])tioiis of Ooffee are shown from whicli I\IrKeiizie's favorite ])ran(ls are ]irepared, as well as tlieir " Perfuetioii " Essence of ( 'ofl'ee ami Cliicorv. Tlie varieties of Cocoa Beans evidence tlie careful selection made for the manufacture nf Cocnas, and especially MeKeuzie's Essence (or Extract) of Cocoa, which is so deservedly ]i((}iidar. Numerous Exhibition Medals and Awards have been obtained in ni;iiiy ]iarts df the world bv this firm. .SEWACl, i,\iiiiar. In close jiroxiniity will lie seen Photogeaphic Views presented by the Municipalities: — Collection of views of the Boroughs of Brunswick, Clunes, Colac, Echuca, Hamilton, Portland, and Sale, the City of Prahran, and the Shire of .Metcalfe. Collection of Tasmauian views jiresented to the Trustees iiy the Tasmaniau Tourist Association, per favour of Mr. A. Morton. Photographs of Prizk Cattle presented to the Trustees :- The jirojicrty of Messrs. Hobertsou Bros.., Colac — • Matilda Tenth aud (iraud Duchess of Derriumt, 115 Bulls- Young Student. Duke of Alva. Duke of Colac. Cows — Lailv RockingliMm. Letitia Tliinl Roan Ducliess. Lady Rockinu'liam. Triple Buttertiy and ('alf. Fanny. Third Duchess of Derrinint. Graceful. MANUFACTURES COURT. 116 The pr()])erty of R. McDim.uall, Esq., Essemlou — Bulls— Grand Priuce. Grand Master. Iinjierial Purple. Ajax Pootli. The property of Henry Stevenson, Es(|., " Niddrie," Essendon— Not named. Prize Kams. The Hon. Pliillip Hnssell, U.L.V., Oarngham- Nugget Third. Melbourne Second. Economic Veterinaky (kiLLECTicrl of Drawings. The projterty of the Trustees, illustrating the diseases of the various organs of ilouiestie eattle. No. 1. — External surface of lunu', showin"' the ell'nsjon on the pleural surface in pleuro-pneuruonia. No. 2. —Portion of lung showing the apjiearauce in the iileuro-pneunionia of cattle. No. 3. — Portion of Inng from a cow dead of pleuro-pnenuionia. No. 4. — The spleen incised in splenic fever. No. 5. — The heart in sjilenic fever. No. 6. — The kidney in splenic fevci-. No. 7. — Hlustrating the condition of the peritoneal surtiu'.e of the uterus in splenic fever. After visiting the GYCLORAMA OF MELBOURNE IN 184:J, which opens from this Hall, and haviug inspected the ■ Timber Gollkction, the visitor returns throuii'h the machinerv-rooni of the A(|Ucirinni, and will often enacted in the early gold-digging days of tlie ])rospector win) has goue out into the \\ilds, making friends with the hhudjs, and is at last rewarded by, let us ho]ie, good hick. The ai'tist has seized the moment when the digger has panned out and finds a nugget in his dish. In the distanci' evidently a strange Idack and his hibra are seen ajiproacliing, and are seemingly astonished to find a stranger at home in their hannts. 11' Traversing flie A(iu;irinni a sluuly nook eaii he funiid in THE FEBNKRY. THE FERNERY, and a welcome re^t enjoyed ■should the weather l)e propitious. • A further peregriuation will take the sight-seer to the MAIN HALL, which is 500 feet long and 160 feet wide, M'itli galleries and large cellars. The western end has been partitioned off to form a concert hall, and here is found — mannftictured by Mr. G. £.0,560 9s., and sloping down from it to from 700 to 800 adnlt choristers, but npon which 1,000 children have frequently been seated. Viewed from the nave the organ jiresents a most imposing appearance, and the decoration of the front is extremely rich and graceful. It fills uj) a frontage of 63 feet by a height of 45 feet from the floor on which it stands. In the basement of the building is fixed the gas-engine whicli works B;^ tlie feeders or beUows from a nnnimnm of '**' 4-inch pressure to a maximum of K) inidies. These feeders supply great reservoirs, from which great wind trunks convey the neces- sary supplies to other reservoirs within tiie body of the instrument, and from these different channels the sound-boards are fed with air of the required jjressure and eqnable cnrrent, free from pulsation or other fluctuation. THE EXHIBITION ORGAN, Fincluim, of Riclimond, for the 1880-81 Exhi the ground tliere is a gallery, liition, at containinsr a cost of seats for THE MAIN HALL. 118 On the U'fr IimikI the staircases lead to the Galleries and tbenee to the Dome. VIEW FROM THE DOME. To a stranger the view from the Dome must be one of the sights of Melbourne, as from tiii.s jiosition a splendid i)auorama meets the view on all sides. Looking down into the gardens, the flower-beds, which are laid out in panels, have the effect of a beautiful carj)et. From this height the visitor may form an accurate idea of tlie extent and general arrangement of the city, whilst all the prineijial Imildings are distinguishable. The Parliament Houses, Government Offices, St. Patrick's Catliedral, Government House, the spires of the Independent and Scots t-hurches, the Town Hall, tlie new Post-office Tower, and the dome of the Law Courts are the princijyal objects standing out from the ])lainer warehouses and other buildings of the city. On a clear day, a view of the blue water of Hobson's Bay and the shipping may be obtained. On the left liand may be seen the suburbs of Hawthorn, Kew, Richmond, South Yarra, St. Kilda, ifcc, extending round to West Melbourne on the right hand, encomjiassing the city ])roper, which lies directly in front. Ascending to another plattbriu, aiitint 2(i feet higher, an extensive view on all sides is obtained. The Dome is — Latitude .. Longitude 37° 48' 29" south, all. 39m. 52-38. east, or 144° .58' 073" east. The height of the Dome is 2Ut) feet ; to the top of the lantern is another 20 feet. After descending, a pleasant walk may be taken in front of the main building, where there is a }ilentif'ul supply of garden seats jilaced in shady positions, and towards the western end of the front terrace will be found THE SUN DIAL. The Dial is a semi-circular border, 6 feet wide and about 30 feet radius, with the hours of the day indicated by figures made and arranged with fiowers of various colours, thus forming at the same time an ornamental flower beds The stile or gnomon points to the South Pole, making an angle of 37° 51' with the horizon. It is 30 feet 9 inches in length, and is sujiported at the proper inclination by a wooden structure or lattice work, which, notwithstanding the unusually great size, has a pleasing api)earauce. The time as indicated by the end of the shadow cast by the stile on the border is •• apparent solar time," which is always lichind the Victorian zone or statute time liy a variable timount ranging from 4 to 3."> minutes, according to the seasons, as follows : — • On 1st January the Dial is about 23^ minutes slow on zone time : then the error increases gradually till 14th February, 119 on which date it reaches its maximum, viz., 35 minutes slow ; then it decreases gradually till the 15th May, when the Dial is 16 minutes slow ; then increasing again till the 1st August, to an error of 26 minutes ; then decreasing to the minimum error of 4 minutes slow, which value is reached on the 1st of November ; from thence it increases to 23^ minutes on 1st January and so on as before. J-'llUNTAIX IX FROXT OF MAIN BniLUINU. THE SPORTS GROUND takes a prominent place in tlie internal economy of the Exhibitiou Building. Here are held many of the galas and monster demonstrations, when all Melbourne turns out of doors for amusement and recreation. The bicycle track is five laps to the mile, and some world's records have been put up liere. Seating accummodotion has been erected aroimd the sides for about 4,(IUU spectators, and the grand stand will comfortably liold 1,2(10, whilst '.),()( )(i or 1 0,000 more can see all going on inside tlie ring fence. Beliind the grand stand will be found nice sheltered nooks, and an ornamental verandah has lately been erected connecting the maiu building and the western annexe. By Authority: RoiiT. S. Brain, Goverument Printer, Melbourne. tiord = PAMPHIET BINDER ^^Z Syracuse, N. Y. ; ^^^ Stockton, Colif. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UBRARIi 'f, '%: M^ ^% K t ^^W t^Ji- : ^ %J%H m. %:^ n% A: % f X- '*^il \li* VM^